Saintisme

Saintisme adalah istilah yang digunakan (biasanya secara peyoratif)^[1]^[2]^[3] untuk kepercayaan bahwa metode dan pendekatan ilmiah dapat diterapkan untuk segala hal, dan bahwa sains adalah cara pandang dunia yang paling otoritatif atau paling berharga hingga menyingkirkan cara pandang lainnya.^[4] Saintisme telah didefinisikan sebagai "pandangan bahwa metode induktif sains adalah satu-satunya sumber pengetahuan yang benar dan terutama bahwa sains dapat menghasilkan pengetahuan mengenai manusia dan masyarakat yang benar."^[5] Istilah ini biasanya digunakan sebagai kritik terhadap positivisme logika ekstrem^[6]^[7] dan telah digunakan oleh beberapa tokoh seperti ilmuwan sosial Friedrich Hayek,^[8] filsuf sains Karl Popper,^[9] dan filsuf Hilary Putnam^[10] dan Tzvetan Todorov^[11] untuk mendeskripsikan sokongan dogmatik terhadap metodologi sains dan pereduksian pengetahuan menjadi hal-hal yang dapat diukur saja.^[12]

Saintisme dapat merujuk kepada sains yang diterapkan "berlebihan." Istilah saintisme memiliki dua makna peyoratif:^[13]^[14]^[15]

Untuk menunjukkan penggunaan istilah sains atau klaim ilmiah yang tidak tepat.^[16] Makna ini juga berlaku dalam konteks ketika sains tidak dapat diterapkan,^[17] seperti saat topik dianggap berada di luar jangkauan penelitian ilmiah, dan dalam konteks ketika tidak ada bukti empiris yang cukup untuk menjustifikasi simpulan ilmiah. Definisi ini termasuk rasa hormat berlebih terhadap klaim yang dibuat oleh ilmiah atau ketidakkritisan dalam menerima begitu saja hasil penelitian apapun yang dianggap ilmiah. Maka, dalam kasus ini, istilah saintisme digunakan untuk menentang argumen berdasarkan otoritas sains.
Untuk merujuk kepada "kepercayaan bahwa metode sains alam, atau kategori dan hal yang diakui dalam sains alam, merupakan satu-satunya hal yang tepat dalam filsafat atau penyelidikan lainnya,"^[15] atau bahwa "sains, dan satu-satunya sains, yang mendeskripsikan dunia sebagaimana mestinya, independen dari sudut pandang"^[10] seiring dengan "penghapusan dimensi psikologis pengalaman."^[18]^[19]

Istilah ini juga digunakan untuk menggarisbawahi bahaya yang mungkin muncul karena reduksionisme berlebih dalam semua pengetahuan manusia.^[20]^[21]^[22]

Bagi sosiolog yang mengikuti tradisi Max Weber, seperti Jürgen Habermas, konsep saintisme berkaitan dengan filsafat positivisme, namun juga kepada rasionalisasi budaya Barat modern.^[12]

Catatan kaki

^ Peterson, Donald R (2004), "Science, Scientism, and Professional Responsibility", Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11 (2): 196–210, The term scientism is ordinarily used with pejorative intent.
^ Hakfoort, C (1992), "Science deified: Wilhelm Osstwald's energeticist world-view and the history of scientism", Annals of Science, 49 (6): 525–44, The term 'scientism' is sometimes used in a pejorative sense
^ Bannister, Robert C (1991), Sociology and Scientism: The American Quest for Objectivity, 1880–1940, The University of North Carolina Press, hlm. 8, Scientism... a term of abuse since Friedrich Hayek first popularized it in the 1940s. .
^ Sorell, Thomas ‘Tom’ (1994), Scientism: Philosophy and the Infatuation with Science, Routledge, hlm. 1ff .
^ Allan Bullock & Stephen Trombley (Eds), The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, London: Harper Collins, 1999, hal.775
^ Rey, Abel (1909). "Review of La Philosophie Moderne". The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods. 6.2: 51–3.
^ Maslow, Abraham, "Preface", Toward a Psychology of Being (edisi ke-1st), There are criticisms of orthodox, 19th Century scientism and I intend to continue with this enterprise .
^ Hayek (June 1, 1980), The Counter Revolution of Science: Studies on the Abuse of Reason, Liberty Fund .
^ Hacohen, Malachi Haim (2002). Karl Popper: the formative years, 1902–1945: politics and philosophy in interwar Vienna. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89055-7.
^ ^a ^b Putnam, Hilary (1992). Renewing Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. hlm. x.
^ "Scientism does not eliminate the will but decides that since the results of science are valid for everyone, this will must be something shared, not individual. In practice, the individual must submit to the collectivity, which "knows" better than he does." Tzvetan Todorov. The Imperfect Garden: the legacy of humanism. Princeton University Press. 2001. Pg. 20
^ ^a ^b Outhwaite, William (2009) [1988], Habermas: Key Contemporary Thinkers (edisi ke-2nd), Polity Press, hlm. 22 .
^ Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2003. hlm. 1112. ISBN 978-0-87779-809-5. LCCN 2003003674. Scientism: …an exaggerated trust in the efficacy of the methods of natural science applied to all areas of investigation (as in philosophy, the social sciences, and the humanities)
^ Ryder, Martin (2005). "Scientism". Dalam Mitcham, Carl. Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics (edisi ke-3rd). Detroit: MacMillan Reference Books. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-09-03. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-31. Today the term is used with pejorative intent to dismiss substantive arguments that appeal to scientific authority in contexts where science might not apply. This over commitment to science can be seen in epistemological distortions and abuse of public policy.
^ ^a ^b Blackburn, S (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford paperbacks. Oxford University Press. hlm. 331–32. ISBN 978-0-19-861013-7. LCCN 2006271895. Scientism: Pejorative term for the belief that the methods of natural science, or the categories and things recognized in natural science, form the only proper elements in any philosophical or other inquiry.
^ Peterson 2003, hlm. 753: ‘the best way to understand the charge of scientism is as a kind of logical fallacy involving improper usage of science or scientific claims’
^ Ryder, Martin, Scientism, Denver: University of Colorado, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-09-03, diakses tanggal July 5, 2007 .
^ Bannister, Robert, Behaviorism, Scientism and the Rise of The "Expert" .
^ Haack, Susan (2003), Defending Science Within Reason: Between Scientism and Cynicism, Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books .
^ Collins, Michael (March 20, 1983), "A Critical Analysis of Competency-based Systems in Adult Education", Adult Education Quarterly, 33 (3): 174–83 .
^ Chargaff, Irwin (1997), "In Dispraise of Reductionism", Bioscience, 47 (11): 795–7 .
^ Sawyer, R Keith (2000), "Connecting Culture, Psychology and Biology: Essay Review on Inghilleri's From Subjective Experience to Cultural Change", Human Development, 43: 56–59 .

Bibliografi

Feyerabend, P; Feyerabend, PK (1993), Against Method (edisi ke-3rd), Verso, ISBN 978-0-86091-646-8 .
Peterson, Gregory R (2003), "Demarcation and the Scientistic Fallacy", Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science, 38 (4): 751–61, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.2003.00536.x, the best way to understand the charge of scientism is as a kind of logical fallacy involving improper usage of science or scientific claims .
Webster (1983), "Scientism", New Collegiate Dictionary (edisi ke-Ninth) .

Pranala luar

CS Lewis: Science and Scientism, Lewis society, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-08-09, diakses tanggal 2013-03-31 .
Burnett, "What is Scientism?", Community dialogue, American Association for the Advancement of Science, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-05-01, diakses tanggal 2013-03-31 .
"Science and Scientism", Monopolizing knowledge (World Wide Web log), The Biologos Foundation, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-04-27, diakses tanggal 2013-03-31 .

Artikel bertopik filsafat ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] Peterson, Donald R (2004), "Science, Scientism, and Professional Responsibility", Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11 (2): 196–210, The term scientism is ordinarily used with pejorative intent.

[2] Hakfoort, C (1992), "Science deified: Wilhelm Osstwald's energeticist world-view and the history of scientism", Annals of Science, 49 (6): 525–44, The term 'scientism' is sometimes used in a pejorative sense

[3] Bannister, Robert C (1991), Sociology and Scientism: The American Quest for Objectivity, 1880–1940, The University of North Carolina Press, hlm. 8, Scientism... a term of abuse since Friedrich Hayek first popularized it in the 1940s. .

[4] Sorell, Thomas ‘Tom’ (1994), Scientism: Philosophy and the Infatuation with Science, Routledge, hlm. 1ff .

[5] Allan Bullock & Stephen Trombley (Eds), The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, London: Harper Collins, 1999, hal.775

[6] Rey, Abel (1909). "Review of La Philosophie Moderne". The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods. 6.2: 51–3.

[7] Maslow, Abraham, "Preface", Toward a Psychology of Being (edisi ke-1st), There are criticisms of orthodox, 19th Century scientism and I intend to continue with this enterprise .

[8] Hayek (June 1, 1980), The Counter Revolution of Science: Studies on the Abuse of Reason, Liberty Fund .

[Popper-Hacohen-9] Hacohen, Malachi Haim (2002). Karl Popper: the formative years, 1902–1945: politics and philosophy in interwar Vienna. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89055-7.

[Putnam-10] Putnam, Hilary (1992). Renewing Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. hlm. x.

[11] "Scientism does not eliminate the will but decides that since the results of science are valid for everyone, this will must be something shared, not individual. In practice, the individual must submit to the collectivity, which "knows" better than he does." Tzvetan Todorov. The Imperfect Garden: the legacy of humanism. Princeton University Press. 2001. Pg. 20

[Outhwaite22-12] Outhwaite, William (2009) [1988], Habermas: Key Contemporary Thinkers (edisi ke-2nd), Polity Press, hlm. 22 .

[MerriamWebster2003-13] Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2003. hlm. 1112. ISBN 978-0-87779-809-5. LCCN 2003003674. Scientism: …an exaggerated trust in the efficacy of the methods of natural science applied to all areas of investigation (as in philosophy, the social sciences, and the humanities)

[Ryder2005-14] Ryder, Martin (2005). "Scientism". Dalam Mitcham, Carl. Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics (edisi ke-3rd). Detroit: MacMillan Reference Books. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-09-03. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-31. Today the term is used with pejorative intent to dismiss substantive arguments that appeal to scientific authority in contexts where science might not apply. This over commitment to science can be seen in epistemological distortions and abuse of public policy.

[ODP-15] Blackburn, S (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford paperbacks. Oxford University Press. hlm. 331–32. ISBN 978-0-19-861013-7. LCCN 2006271895. Scientism: Pejorative term for the belief that the methods of natural science, or the categories and things recognized in natural science, form the only proper elements in any philosophical or other inquiry.

[FOOTNOTEPeterson2003753-16] Peterson 2003, hlm. 753: ‘the best way to understand the charge of scientism is as a kind of logical fallacy involving improper usage of science or scientific claims’

[17] Ryder, Martin, Scientism, Denver: University of Colorado, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-09-03, diakses tanggal July 5, 2007 .

[18] Bannister, Robert, Behaviorism, Scientism and the Rise of The "Expert" .

[19] Haack, Susan (2003), Defending Science Within Reason: Between Scientism and Cynicism, Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books .

[20] Collins, Michael (March 20, 1983), "A Critical Analysis of Competency-based Systems in Adult Education", Adult Education Quarterly, 33 (3): 174–83 .

[21] Chargaff, Irwin (1997), "In Dispraise of Reductionism", Bioscience, 47 (11): 795–7 .

[22] Sawyer, R Keith (2000), "Connecting Culture, Psychology and Biology: Essay Review on Inghilleri's From Subjective Experience to Cultural Change", Human Development, 43: 56–59 .

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Saintisme

Catatan kaki

Bibliografi

Pranala luar

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