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15.ai

15.ai
Screenshot of the 15.ai web interface in 2021
Type of site
Artificial intelligence, speech synthesis, generative artificial intelligence
Available inEnglish
Founded2016
Owner15
Founder(s)15
URL15.ai
CommercialNo
RegistrationNone
LaunchedMarch 2020; 4 years ago (2020-03)
Current statusInactive

15.ai was a free non-commercial web application that used artificial intelligence to generate text-to-speech voices of fictional characters from popular media.[1] Created by an artificial intelligence researcher known as 15 during their time at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the application allowed users to make characters from video games, television shows, and movies speak custom text with emotional inflections faster than real-time.[a][2] The platform was notable for its ability to generate convincing voice output using minimal training data—the name "15.ai" referenced the creator's claim that a voice could be cloned with just 15 seconds of audio. It was an early example of an application of generative artificial intelligence during the initial stages of the AI boom.

Launched in March 2020,[3] 15.ai gained widespread attention in early 2021 when it went viral on social media platforms like YouTube and Twitter, and quickly became popular among Internet fandoms, including the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, Team Fortress 2, and SpongeBob SquarePants fandoms.[4][5] The service distinguished itself through its support for emotional context in speech generation through emojis and precise pronunciation control through phonetic transcriptions. 15.ai is credited as the first mainstream platform to popularize AI voice cloning (audio deepfakes) in memes and content creation.[6]

15.ai received varied responses from the voice acting community and broader public. Voice actors and industry professionals debated the technology's merits for fan creativity versus its potential impact on the profession, particularly following controversies over unauthorized commercial use. While many critics praised the website's accessibility and emotional control, they also noted technical limitations in areas like prosody options and language support. The technology sparked discussions about ethical implications, including concerns about reduction of employment opportunities for voice actors, voice-related fraud, and misuse in explicit content, though 15.ai maintained strict policies against replicating real people's voices.

15.ai's approach to data-efficient voice synthesis and emotional expression was influential in subsequent developments in AI text-to-speech technology. In January 2022, Voiceverse NFT sparked controversy when it was discovered that the company, which had partnered with voice actor Troy Baker, had misappropriated 15.ai's work for their own platform. The service was ultimately taken offline in September 2022. Its shutdown led to the emergence of various commercial alternatives in subsequent years.

History

Background

For broader coverage of this topic, see Deep learning speech synthesis.
A comparison of the alignments (attentions) between Tacotron and a modified variant of Tacotron

The field of artificial speech synthesis underwent a significant transformation with the introduction of deep learning approaches.[7] In 2016, DeepMind's publication of the seminal paper WaveNet: A Generative Model for Raw Audio marked a pivotal shift toward neural network-based speech synthesis, demonstrating unprecedented audio quality through dilated causal convolutions operating directly on raw audio waveforms at 16,000 samples per second, modeling the conditional probability distribution of each audio sample given all previous ones. Previously, concatenative synthesis—which worked by stitching together pre-recorded segments of human speech—was the predominant method for generating artificial speech, but it often produced robotic-sounding results with noticeable artifacts at the segment boundaries.[8] Two years later, this was followed by Google AI's Tacotron in 2018, which demonstrated that neural networks could produce highly natural speech synthesis but required substantial training data—typically tens of hours of audio—to achieve acceptable quality. When trained on smaller datasets, such as 2 hours of speech, the output quality degraded while still being able to maintain intelligible speech, and with just 24 minutes of training data, Tacotron failed to produce intelligible speech.[9] The same year saw the emergence of HiFi-GAN, a generative adversarial network (GAN)-based vocoder that improved the efficiency of waveform generation while producing high-fidelity speech,[10] followed by Glow-TTS, which introduced a flow-based approach that allowed for both fast inference and voice style transfer capabilities.[11] Chinese tech companies also made significant contributions to the field, with Baidu and ByteDance developing proprietary text-to-speech frameworks that further advanced the state of the art, though specific technical details of their implementations remained largely undisclosed.[12]

Development, release, and operation

[...] The website has multiple purposes. It serves as a proof of concept of a platform that allows anyone to create content, even if they can't hire someone to voice their projects.

It also demonstrates the progress of my research in a far more engaging manner - by being able to use the actual model, you can discover things about it that even I wasn't aware of (such as getting characters to make gasping noises or moans by placing commas in between certain phonemes).

It also doesn't let me get away with picking and choosing the best results and showing off only the ones that work [...] Being able to interact with the model with no filter allows the user to judge exactly how good the current work is at face value.

15.ai was conceived in 2016 as a research project in deep learning speech synthesis by a developer known as "15" (at the age of 18[14]) during their freshman year at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)[15] as part of MIT's Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP).[16] The developer was inspired by DeepMind's WaveNet paper, with development continuing through their studies as Google AI released Tacotron the following year. By 2019, the developer had demonstrated at MIT their ability to replicate WaveNet and Tacotron's results using 75% less training data than previously required.[12] The name 15 is a reference to the creator's claim that a voice can be cloned with as little as 15 seconds of data.[17]

The developer had originally planned to pursue a doctorate based on their undergraduate research, but opted to work in the tech industry instead after their startup was accepted into the Y Combinator accelerator in 2019. After their departure in early 2020, the developer returned to their voice synthesis research, implementing it as a web application. According to the developer, instead of using conventional voice datasets like LJSpeech that contained simple, monotone recordings, they sought out more challenging voice samples that could demonstrate the model's ability to handle complex speech patterns and emotional undertones.[14] The Pony Preservation Project—a fan initiative originating from /mlp/,[12] 4chan's My Little Pony board, that had compiled voice clips from My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic—played a crucial role in the implementation. The project's contributors had manually trimmed, denoised, transcribed, and emotion-tagged every line from the show. This dataset provided ideal training material for 15.ai's deep learning model.[12][14]

An example of a multi-speaker embedding. The neural network maps the predicted timestamps to a masked embedding sequence that encodes speaker information.

15.ai was released in March 2020 with a limited selection of characters, including those from My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic and Team Fortress 2.[3][18] More voices were added to the website in the following months.[19] A significant technical advancement came in late 2020 with the implementation of a multi-speaker embedding in the deep neural network, enabling simultaneous training of multiple voices rather than requiring individual models for each character voice.[12] This not only allowed rapid expansion from eight to over fifty character voices,[14] but also let the model recognize common emotional patterns across characters, even when certain emotions were missing from some characters' training data.[20]

In early 2021, the application went viral on Twitter and YouTube, with people generating skits, memes, and fan content using voices from popular games and shows that have accumulated millions of views on social media.[21] Content creators, YouTubers, and TikTokers have also used 15.ai as part of their videos as voiceovers.[22][unreliable source?] At its peak, the platform incurred operational costs of US$12,000[12] per month from AWS infrastructure needed to handle millions of daily voice generations; despite receiving offers from companies to acquire 15.ai and its underlying technology, the website remained independent and was funded out of the personal previous startup earnings of the developer[12]—then aged 23 at the time.[14]

Voiceverse NFT controversy

See also: Non-fungible token § Plagiarism and fraud
Avatar of Troy Baker
Avatar of Troy Baker
 Troy Baker
@TroyBakerVA
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

I'm partnering with @VoiceverseNFT to explore ways where together we might bring new tools to new creators to make new things, and allow everyone a chance to own & invest in the IP's they create. We all have a story to tell. You can hate. Or you can create. What'll it be?

January 14, 2022[23]

On January 14, 2022, a controversy ensued after it was discovered that Voiceverse NFT, a company that video game and anime dub voice actor Troy Baker had announced his partnership with, had misappropriated voice lines generated from 15.ai as part of their marketing campaign.[24] This came shortly after 15.ai's developer had explicitly stated in December 2021 that they had no interest in incorporating NFTs into their work.[25] Log files showed that Voiceverse had generated audio of characters from My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic using 15.ai, pitched them up to make them sound unrecognizable from the original voices to market their own platform—in violation of 15.ai's terms of service.[26]

Voiceverse claimed that someone in their marketing team used the voice without properly crediting 15.ai; in response, 15 tweeted "Go fuck yourself,"[27] which went viral, amassing hundreds of thousands of retweets and likes on Twitter in support of the developer.[12] Following continued backlash and the plagiarism revelation, Baker acknowledged that his original announcement tweet ending with "You can hate. Or you can create. What'll it be?" may have been "antagonistic," and on January 31, 2022, announced he would discontinue his partnership with Voiceverse.[28]

Inactivity

In September 2022, 15.ai was taken offline[29] due to legal issues surrounding artificial intelligence and copyright.[12] The creator has suggested a potential future version that would better address copyright concerns from the outset, though the website remains inactive as of 2025.[12]

Features

Three AI-generated voice line variations from 15.ai showing their waveforms and respective alignment confidence scores.

The platform was non-commercial,[30] and operated without requiring user registration or accounts.[31] Users generated speech by inputting text and selecting a character voice, with optional parameters for emotional contextualizers and phonetic transcriptions. Each request produced three audio variations with distinct emotional deliveries sorted by confidence score.[32] Characters available included multiple characters from Team Fortress 2 and My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic; GLaDOS, Wheatley, and the Sentry Turret from the Portal series; SpongeBob SquarePants; Kyu Sugardust from HuniePop, Rise Kujikawa from Persona 4; Daria Morgendorffer and Jane Lane from Daria; Carl Brutananadilewski from Aqua Teen Hunger Force; Steven Universe from Steven Universe; Sans from Undertale; Madeline and multiple characters from Celeste; the Tenth Doctor Who; the Narrator from The Stanley Parable; and HAL 9000 from 2001: A Space Odyssey.[33] Out of the over fifty[14] voices available, thirty were of characters from My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic.[34] Certain "silent" characters like Chell and Gordon Freeman were able to be selected as a joke, and would emit silent audio files when any text was submitted.[35]

Sample emoji probability distributions generated by the DeepMoji model. These emoji distributions were displayed on 15.ai as part of its technical metrics and graphs.[36]

The deep learning model's nondeterministic properties produced variations in speech output, creating different intonations with each generation, similar to how voice actors produce different takes.[37] 15.ai introduced the concept of emotional contextualizers, which allowed users to specify the emotional tone of generated speech through guiding phrases.[12] The emotional contextualizer functionality utilized DeepMoji, a sentiment analysis neural network developed at the MIT Media Lab.[38] Introduced in 2017, DeepMoji processed emoji embeddings from 1.2 billion Twitter posts (from 2013 to 2017) to analyze emotional content. Testing showed the system could identify emotional elements, including sarcasm, more accurately than human evaluators.[39] If an input into 15.ai contained additional context (specified by a vertical bar), the additional context following the bar would be used as the emotional contextualizer.[16] For example, if the input was Today is a great day!|I'm very sad., the selected character would speak the sentence "Today is a great day!" in the emotion one would expect from someone saying the sentence "I'm very sad."[16]

An example of a conversion of the text "daisy bell" into speech, starting from English orthography. English words are parsed as a string of ARPABET phonemes, then is passed through a pitch predictor and a mel-spectrogram generator to generate audio.

The application used pronunciation data from Oxford Dictionaries API, Wiktionary, and CMU Pronouncing Dictionary,[40] the last of which is based on ARPABET, a set of English phonetic transcriptions originally developed by the Advanced Research Projects Agency in the 1970s. For modern and Internet-specific terminology, the system incorporated pronunciation data from user-generated content websites, including Reddit, Urban Dictionary, 4chan, and Google.[40] Inputting ARPABET transcriptions was also supported, allowing users to correct mispronunciations or specify the desired pronunciation between heteronyms—words that have the same spelling but have different pronunciations. Users could invoke ARPABET transcriptions by enclosing the phoneme string in curly braces within the input box (for example, {AA1 R P AH0 B EH2 T} to specify the pronunciation of the word "ARPABET" (/ˈɑːrpəˌbɛt/ AR-pə-beht).[20] The interface displayed parsed words with color-coding to indicate pronunciation certainty: green for words found in the existing pronunciation lookup table, blue for manually entered ARPABET pronunciations, and red for words where the pronunciation had to be algorithmically predicted.[41]

Later versions of 15.ai introduced multi-speaker capabilities. Rather than training separate models for each voice, 15.ai used a unified model that learned multiple voices simultaneously through speaker embeddings–learned numerical representations that captured each character's unique vocal characteristics.[12][14] Along with the emotional context conferred by DeepMoji, this neural network architecture enabled the model to learn shared patterns across different characters' emotional expressions and speaking styles, even when individual characters lacked examples of certain emotional contexts in their training data.[20]

The interface included technical metrics and graphs,[36] which, according to the developer, served to highlight the research aspect of the website.[14] As of version v23, released in September 2021, the interface displayed comprehensive model analysis information, including word parsing results and emotional analysis data. The flow and generative adversarial network (GAN) hybrid vocoder and denoiser, introduced in an earlier version, was streamlined to remove manual parameter inputs.[36]

Reception

Critical reception

Critics described 15.ai as easy to use and generally able to convincingly replicate character voices, with occasional mixed results.[42] Natalie Clayton of PC Gamer wrote that SpongeBob SquarePants' voice was replicated well, but noted challenges in mimicking the Narrator from the The Stanley Parable: "the algorithm simply can't capture Kevan Brighting's whimsically droll intonation."[43] Zack Zwiezen of Kotaku reported that "[his] girlfriend was convinced it was a new voice line from GLaDOS' voice actor, Ellen McLain".[44] Rionaldi Chandraseta of AI newsletter Towards Data Science observed that "characters with large training data produce more natural dialogues with clearer inflections and pauses between words, especially for longer sentences."[16] Taiwanese newspaper United Daily News also highlighted 15.ai's ability to recreate GLaDOS's mechanical voice, alongside its diverse range of character voice options.[45] Yahoo! News Taiwan reported that "GLaDOS in Portal can pronounce lines nearly perfectly", but also criticized that "there are still many imperfections, such as word limit and tone control, which are still a little weird in some words."[46] Chris Button of AI newsletter Byteside called the ability to clone a voice with only 15 seconds of data "freaky" but also called tech behind it "impressive".[47] The platform's voice generation capabilities were regularly featured on Equestria Daily, a fandom news site dedicated to the show My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic and its other generations, with documented updates, fan creations, and additions of new character voices.[48] In a post introducing new character additions to 15.ai, Equestria Daily's founder Shaun Scotellaro—also known by his online moniker "Sethisto"—wrote that "some of [the voices] aren't great due to the lack of samples to draw from, but many are really impressive still anyway."[34]

Multiple other critics also found the word count limit, prosody options, and English-only nature of the application as not entirely satisfactory.[5][46] Peter Paltridge of anime and superhero news outlet Anime Superhero News opined that "voice synthesis has evolved to the point where the more expensive efforts are nearly indistinguishable from actual human speech," but also noted that "In some ways, SAM is still more advanced than this. It was possible to affect SAM’s inflections by using special characters, as well as change his pitch at will. With 15.ai, you’re at the mercy of whatever random inflections you get."[49] Conversely, Lauren Morton of Rock, Paper, Shotgun praised the depth of pronunciation control—"if you're willing to get into the nitty gritty of it".[50] Similarly, Eugenio Moto of Spanish news website Qore.com wrote that "the most experienced [users] can change parameters like the stress or the tone."[51] Takayuki Furushima of Den Fami Nico Gamer highlighted the "smooth pronunciations", and Yuki Kurosawa of AUTOMATON noted its "rich emotional expression" as a major feature; both Japanese authors noted the lack of Japanese-language support.[52][40] Renan do Prado of the Brazilian gaming news outlet Arkade and José Villalobos of Spanish gaming outlet LaPS4 pointed out that while users could create amusing results in Portuguese and Spanish respectively, the generation performed best in English.[53] Chinese gaming news outlet GamerSky called the app "interesting", but also criticized the word count limit of the text and the lack of intonations.[5] South Korean video game outlet Zuntata wrote that "the surprising thing about 15.ai is that [for some characters], there's only about 30 seconds of data, but it achieves pronunciation accuracy close to 100%".[54] Machine learning professor Yongqiang Li wrote in his blog that he was surprised to see that the application was free.[55]

Ellen McLain (voice of GLaDOS in Portal) and John Patrick Lowrie (voice of the Sniper in Team Fortress 2) were interviewed on The VŌC Podcast in 2021 about their perspectives on 15.ai and AI voice synthesis technology.

Some voice actors whose characters appeared on 15.ai have publicly shared their thoughts about the platform. In a 2021 interview on video game voice acting podcast The VŌC, John Patrick Lowrie—who voices the Sniper in Team Fortress 2—explained that he had discovered 15.ai when a prospective intern showed him a skit she had created using AI-generated voices of the Sniper and the Spy from Team Fortress 2. Lowrie commented:

"The technology still has a long way to go before you really believe that these are just human beings, but I was impressed by how much [15.ai] could do. You certainly don’t get the delivery that you get from an actual person who’s analyzed the scene, [...] but I do think that as a fan source—for people wanting to put together mods and stuff like that—that it could be fun for fans to use the voice of characters they like."[56]

He drew an analogy to synthesized music, adding:

"If you want the sound of a choir, and you want the sound of an orchestra, and you have the money, you hire a choir and an orchestra. And if you don't have the money, you have something that sounds pretty nice; but it's not the same as a choir and an orchestra."[56]

In a 2021 live broadcast on his Twitch channel, Nathan Vetterlein—the voice actor of the Scout from Team Fortress 2—listened to an AI recreation of his character's voice. He described the impression as "interesting" and noted that "there's some stuff in there."[57]

Ethical concerns

See also: Deepfake § Concerns and countermeasures

Other voice actors had mixed reactions to 15.ai's capabilities. While some industry professionals acknowledged the technical innovation, others raised concerns about the technology's implications for their profession.[58] When voice actor Troy Baker announced his partnership with Voiceverse NFT, which had misappropriated 15.ai's technology, it sparked widespread controversy within the voice acting industry.[59] Critics raised concerns about automated voice acting's potential reduction of employment opportunities for voice actors, risk of voice impersonation, and potential misuse in explicit content.[60] The controversy surrounding Voiceverse NFT and subsequent discussions highlighted broader industry concerns about AI voice synthesis technology.[61]

While 15.ai limited its scope to fictional characters and did not reproduce voices of real people or celebrities,[62] computer scientist Andrew Ng noted that similar technology could be used to do so, including for nefarious purposes.[3] In his 2020 assessment of 15.ai, he wrote:

"Voice cloning could be enormously productive. In Hollywood, it could revolutionize the use of virtual actors. In cartoons and audiobooks, it could enable voice actors to participate in many more productions. In online education, kids might pay more attention to lessons delivered by the voices of favorite personalities. And how many YouTube how-to video producers would love to have a synthetic Morgan Freeman narrate their scripts?

While discussing potential risks, he added:

"...but synthesizing a human actor's voice without consent is arguably unethical and possibly illegal. And this technology will be catnip for deepfakers, who could scrape recordings from social networks to impersonate private individuals."[3]

Legacy

A January 2021 CNN broadcast showing a fan edit that used 15.ai to replace Donald Trump's Home Alone 2 cameo with the Heavy Weapons Guy from Team Fortress 2

15.ai was an early pioneer of audio deepfakes, leading to the emergence of AI speech synthesis-based memes during the initial stages of the AI boom in 2020.[63][64] 15.ai is credited as the first mainstream platform to popularize AI voice cloning in Internet memes and content creation,[6] particularly through its ability to generate convincing character voices in real-time without requiring extensive technical expertise.[65] The platform's impact was especially notable in fan communities, including the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, Portal, Team Fortress 2, and SpongeBob SquarePants fandoms, where it enabled the creation of viral content that garnered millions of views across social media platforms like Twitter and YouTube.[66] Team Fortress 2 content creators also used the platform to produce both short-form memes and complex narrative animations using Source Filmmaker.[67] Fan creations included skits and new fan animations,[68] crossover content—such as Game Informer writer Liana Ruppert's demonstration combining Portal and Mass Effect dialogue in her coverage of the platform[69]—recreations of viral videos (including the infamous Big Bill Hell's Cars car dealership parody[70]), adaptations of fanfiction using AI-generated character voices,[71] music videos and new musical compositions—such as the explicit Pony Zone series[72]—and content where characters recited sea shanties.[73] Some fan creations gained mainstream attention, such as a viral edit replacing Donald Trump's cameo in Home Alone 2: Lost in New York with the Heavy Weapons Guy's AI-generated voice, which was featured on a daytime CNN segment in January 2021.[74][75] Some users integrated 15.ai's voice synthesis with VoiceAttack, a voice command software, to create personal assistants.[37]

Its influence has been noted in the years after it became defunct,[76] with several commercial alternatives emerging to fill the void, such as ElevenLabs[b] and Speechify.[78] Contemporary generative voice AI companies have acknowledged 15.ai's pioneering role. Y Combinator startup PlayHT called the debut of 15.ai "a breakthrough in the field of text-to-speech (TTS) and speech synthesis".[22] Cliff Weitzman, the founder and CEO of Speechify, credited 15.ai for "making AI voice cloning popular for content creation by being the first [...] to feature popular existing characters from fandoms".[79] Mati Staniszewski, co-founder and CEO of ElevenLabs, wrote that 15.ai was transformative in the field of AI text-to-speech.[80]

Prior to its shutdown, 15.ai established several technical precedents that influenced subsequent developments in AI voice synthesis. Its integration of DeepMoji for emotional analysis demonstrated the viability of incorporating sentiment-aware speech generation, while its support for ARPABET phonetic transcriptions set a standard for precise pronunciation control in public-facing voice synthesis tools.[12] The platform's unified multi-speaker model, which enabled simultaneous training of diverse character voices, proved particularly influential. This approach allowed the system to recognize emotional patterns across different voices even when certain emotions were absent from individual character training sets; for example, if one character had examples of joyful speech but no angry examples, while another had angry but no joyful samples, the system could learn to generate both emotions for both characters by understanding the common patterns of how emotions affect speech.[20]

15.ai also made a key contribution in reducing training data requirements for speech synthesis. Earlier systems like Google AI's Tacotron and Microsoft Research's FastSpeech required tens of hours of audio to produce acceptable results and failed to generate intelligible speech with less than 24 minutes of training data.[9][81] In contrast, 15.ai demonstrated the ability to generate speech with substantially less training data—specifically, the name "15.ai" refers to the creator's claim that a voice could be cloned with just 15 seconds of data.[82] This approach to data efficiency influenced subsequent developments in AI voice synthesis technology, as the 15-second benchmark became a reference point for subsequent voice synthesis systems. The original claim that only 15 seconds of data is required to clone a human's voice was corroborated by OpenAI in 2024.[83]

See also

Explanatory footnotes

  1. ^ The term "faster than real-time" in speech synthesis means that the system can generate audio more quickly than the actual duration of the speech—for example, generating 10 seconds of speech in less than 10 seconds would be considered faster than real-time.
  2. ^ which uses "11.ai" as a legal byname for its web domain[77]

References

Notes

  1. ^ 遊戲 2021; Yoshiyuki 2021.
  2. ^ Kurosawa 2021; Ruppert 2021; Clayton 2021; Morton 2021; Temitope 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d Ng 2020.
  4. ^ Zwiezen 2021; Chandraseta 2021; Temitope 2024.
  5. ^ a b c GamerSky 2021.
  6. ^ a b Speechify 2024; Temitope 2024; Anirudh VK 2023; Wright 2023.
  7. ^ Barakat 2024.
  8. ^ van den Oord 2016.
  9. ^ a b Google 2018
  10. ^ Kong 2020.
  11. ^ Kim 2020.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Temitope 2024.
  13. ^ Hacker News 2022
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h "The past and future of 15.ai". Twitter. Archived from the original on December 8, 2024. Retrieved December 19, 2024.
  15. ^ Chandraseta 2021; Temitope 2024.
  16. ^ a b c d Chandraseta 2021.
  17. ^ Chandraseta 2021; Button 2021.
  18. ^
    • "About". fifteen.ai (Official website). February 19, 2020. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2024. 2020-02-19: The web app isn't fully ready just yet
    • "About". fifteen.ai (Official website). March 2, 2020. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  19. ^ Scotellaro 2020a; Scotellaro 2020b.
  20. ^ a b c d Kurosawa 2021; Temitope 2024.
  21. ^ Zwiezen 2021; Clayton 2021; Ruppert 2021; Morton 2021; Kurosawa 2021; Yoshiyuki 2021.
  22. ^ a b Play.ht 2024.
  23. ^ Baker, Troy [@TroyBakerVA] (January 14, 2022). "I'm partnering with @VoiceverseNFT to explore ways where together we might bring new tools to new creators to make new things, and allow everyone a chance to own & invest in the IP's they create. We all have a story to tell. You can hate. Or you can create. What'll it be? https://t.co/cfDGi4q0AZ" (Tweet). Archived from the original on September 16, 2022. Retrieved December 7, 2022 – via Twitter.
  24. ^ Lawrence 2022; Williams 2022; Wright 2022; Temitope 2024.
  25. ^ Lopez 2022.
  26. ^ Phillips 2022b; Lopez 2022.
  27. ^ Wright 2022; Phillips 2022b; fifteenai 2022.
  28. ^ Lawrence 2022; Williams 2022.
  29. ^ ElevenLabs 2024a; Play.ht 2024.
  30. ^ Williams 2022.
  31. ^ Phillips 2022b.
  32. ^ Chandraseta 2021; Menor 2024.
  33. ^ Zwiezen 2021; Clayton 2021; Morton 2021; Ruppert 2021; Villalobos 2021; Yoshiyuki 2021; Kurosawa 2021.
  34. ^ a b Scotellaro 2020b.
  35. ^ Morton 2021; 遊戲 2021.
  36. ^ a b c www.equestriacn.com 2021.
  37. ^ a b Yoshiyuki 2021.
  38. ^ Kurosawa 2021; Chandraseta 2021.
  39. ^ Knight 2017.
  40. ^ a b c Kurosawa 2021.
  41. ^ www.equestriacn.com 2021; Kurosawa 2021.
  42. ^ Clayton 2021; Ruppert 2021; Moto 2021; Scotellaro 2020c; Villalobos 2021.
  43. ^ Clayton 2021.
  44. ^ Zwiezen 2021.
  45. ^ 遊戲 2021.
  46. ^ a b MrSun 2021.
  47. ^ Button 2021.
  48. ^ Scotellaro 2020a; Scotellaro 2020b; Scotellaro 2020c; Scotellaro 2020d; Scotellaro 2020e; Scotellaro 2020f.
  49. ^ Paltridge 2021.
  50. ^ Morton 2021.
  51. ^ Moto 2021.
  52. ^ Yoshiyuki 2021: 日本語入力には対応していないが、ローマ字入力でもなんとなくそれっぽい発音になる。; 15.aiはテキスト読み上げサービスだが、特筆すべきはそのなめらかな発音と、ゲームに登場するキャラクター音声を再現している点だ。 (transl. It does not support Japanese input, but even if you input using romaji, it will somehow give you a similar pronunciation.; 15.ai is a text-to-speech service, but what makes it particularly noteworthy is its smooth pronunciation and the fact that it reproduces the voices of characters that appear in games.)
  53. ^ do Prado 2021; Villalobos 2021.
  54. ^ zuntata.tistory.com 2021.
  55. ^ Li 2021.
  56. ^ a b The VŌC Podcast // John Patrick Lowrie & Ellen McLain Interview (The voices of GLaDOS and Sniper) (Podcast). The VŌC Podcast. April 11, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2025.
  57. ^ "Nate listens to his AI self". Twitch. Retrieved January 21, 2025.
  58. ^ Phillips 2022a; Temitope 2024; Menor 2024.
  59. ^ Lawrence 2022; Phillips 2022a; Wright 2022.
  60. ^ Phillips 2022a; Menor 2024.
  61. ^ Phillips 2022a; Lawrence 2022.
  62. ^ fifteenai 2020; Menor 2024.
  63. ^ MrSun 2021: 大家是否都曾經想像過，假如能讓自己喜歡的遊戲或是動畫角色說出自己想聽的話，不論是名字、惡搞或是經典名言，都是不少人的夢想吧。不過來到 2021 年，現在這種夢想不再是想想而已，因為有一個網站通過 AI 生成的技術，讓大家可以讓不少遊戲或是動畫角色，說出任何你想要他們講出的東西，而且相似度與音調都有相當高的準確度 (transl. Have you ever imagined what it would be like if your favorite game or anime characters could say exactly what you want to hear? Whether it's names, parodies, or classic quotes, this is a dream for many. However, as we enter 2021, this dream is no longer just a fantasy, because there is a website that uses AI-generated technology, allowing users to make various game and anime characters say anything they want with impressive accuracy in both similarity and tone).
  64. ^ Anirudh VK 2023.
  65. ^ Ruppert 2021; Morton 2021.
  66. ^ Scotellaro 2020c; 遊戲 2021; Kurosawa 2021; Morton 2021; Temitope 2024.
  67. ^ Clayton 2021; Zwiezen 2021; Morton 2021.
  68. ^ Morton 2021; Kurosawa 2021.
  69. ^ Ruppert 2021.
  70. ^ Zwiezen 2021; Morton 2021.
  71. ^ Scotellaro 2020d.
  72. ^ Scotellaro 2020e.
  73. ^ Zwiezen 2021; Ruppert 2021.
  74. ^ Clayton 2021; CNN 2021.
  75. ^ Actor applauds editing out Trump's 'Home Alone 2' cameo (Report). CNN. January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2025.
  76. ^ Wright 2023.
  77. ^ ElevenLabs 2024b.
  78. ^ ElevenLabs 2024a; Play.ht 2024; Speechify 2024.
  79. ^ Speechify 2024.
  80. ^ ElevenLabs 2024a.
  81. ^ Ren 2019.
  82. ^ Chandraseta 2021; Button 2021; Temitope 2024.
  83. ^ OpenAI 2024; Temitope 2024.

Works cited
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