1988 Girabola

Girabola 1988
Season	1988; (–)
Champions	Petro Luanda
Relegated	Desp Benguela; Dínamos KS; Fabril; Inter Namibe
1989 African Cup of Champions Clubs	Petro Luanda ; (Girabola winner)
Matches played	182
Top goalscorer	Manuel ; (16 goals)
	← 1987 1989 →

The 1988 Girabola was the tenth season of top-tier football competition in Angola. Atlético Petróleos de Luanda were the defending champions.

The league comprised 14 teams, the bottom three of which were relegated.

Petro de Luanda were crowned champions, winning their 5th title, and third in a row, while Desportivo de Benguela, Dínamos do Kwanza Sul, Fabril do Uíge and Inter do Namibe were relegated.

Manuel of Primeiro de Agosto finished as the top scorer with 16 goals.

Changes from the 1987 season

Relegated: Desportivo da Chela, Progresso do Sambizanga, União do Bié
Promoted: Desportivo de Benguela, Fabril do Uíge and Inter do Namibe

Fabril do Uíge

Dínamos

Inter do Namibe

Locations of the 1988 Girabola teams

League table

Pos	Team	Pld	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	Pts	Qualification or relegation
1	Petro de Luanda (C)	26	19	3	4	62	20	+42	41	Qualification for Champions Cup
2	Ferroviário da Huíla	25	17	4	4	48	20	+28	38
3	Primeiro de Agosto	26	14	5	7	51	35	+16	33
4	Primeiro de Maio	26	14	3	9	36	23	+13	31
5	FC de Cabinda	22	8	9	5	22	19	+3	25
6	Inter de Luanda^[a]	25	10	6	9	22	26	−4	26
7	Petro do Huambo	26	9	10	7	37	23	+14	28
8	Mambroa^[b]	24	9	7	8	29	27	+2	25
9	TAAG^[c]	26	9	5	12	43	29	+14	23
10	Sagrada Esperança	23	9	2	12	24	28	−4	20
11	Desportivo de Benguela^[d] (R)	25	6	7	12	22	44	−22	19	Relegation to Provincial stages
12	Dínamos do CS (R)	24	6	3	15	18	40	−22	15
13	Inter do Namibe (R)	25	5	6	14	24	55	−31	16
14	Fabril do Uíge (R)	23	2	2	19	13	62	−49	6

Updated to match(es) played on 22 November 1988. Source: Girabola.com^[usurped]
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Goal difference; 5) Goals scored; 6) Fair-play points; 7) Play-off.
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated
Notes:

^ Name later changed to Interclube
^ Name later reverted to its original Benfica do Huambo
^ Name later reverted to its original ASA
^ Name later reverted to its original Sporting de Benguela

Results

Home \ Away	DBG	DCS	DTA	FAB	FCC	FHL	INA	INT	MAM	PET	PHU	PRI	PRM	SAG
Desportivo de Benguela	—	0–0	2–1	1–0	1–1	2–5	0–1	0–0	2–0	0–0	1–0	1–1	0–2	1–1
Dínamos do C.S.	1–0	—	0–0	0–0	1–2	2–1	2–0	2–0	1–2	1–2	2–0	0–2	0–3	0–0
Desportivo da TAAG	7–1	3–1	—	10–1	2–3	1–1	5–1	1–0	0–0	0–1	1–1	0–1	0–1	3–2
Fabril do Uíge	0–3	1–0	1–2	—		0–2	0–3^[a]	1–1	0–3^[b]	0–3	1–1	1–3	1–0
FC de Cabinda	1–0	1–1	1–1	2–0	—	1–1	1–1	1–0	0–0	0–0	2–2	2–1	0–1	1–0
Ferroviário da Huíla	6–0	4–0	2–1	3–0		—	2–2	0–1	1–0	3–2	0–0	2–1	3–2	2–1
Inter do Namibe	3–1	0–2	1–2	3–0	0–3^[c]	0–1	—	0–0	0–2	1–2	1–1	1–2	1–1	2–0
Inter de Luanda	2–1	2–0	1–0	1–0	0–0	0–2	1–1	—	2–0	0–7	2–0	3–2	0–1	1–0
Mambroa	0–0	2–0	1–0	2–1	0–0	1–2	4–0	0–2	—	1–1	2–0	1–1	3–5	1–0
Petro de Luanda	3–1	3–1	1–0	4–2	2–0	1–2	8–0	3–2	3–0	—	0–1	2–3	3–2	1–0
Petro do Huambo	1–1	4–1	2–1	7–0	1–0	0–1	6–0	1–1	1–1	0–1	—	1–0	3–1	2–0
Primeiro de Agosto	5–1	4–0	1–0	6–1	2–1	1–0	0–0	6–2	2–2	0–6	1–1	—	1–3	2–1
Primeiro de Maio	1–2	1–0	2–0	1–0	0–0	1–0	2–0	4–1	1–1	0–1	1–0	0–1	—	0–1
Sagrada Esperança	2–0	3–0	0–2	3–2	2–0	0–2	1–0	0–0	2–1	0–2	1–1	3–2	1–0	—

Updated to match(es) played on 22 November 1988. Source: girabola.com^[usurped]
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
Notes:

^ Inter do Namibe was awarded a 3–0 win
^ Mambroa was awarded a 3–0 win
^ FC de Cabinda was awarded a 3–0 win

Season statistics

Scorers

R/T
R/T	DBG	DCS	DTA	FAB	FCC	FHL	INA	INT	MAM	PET	PHU	PRI	PRM	SAG	TOTAL

1	21/2/88	21/2/88	21/2/88		13/4/88	21/2/88	13/4/88		20/2/88	20/2/88	21/2/88	21/2/88	21/2/88	21/2/88	₇21
1	DBG–PRM 0–2	PHU–DCS 4–1	FHL–DTA 2–1	FAB–INT 1–1	INA–FCC 0–3 WALKOVER	FHL–DTA 2–1	INA–FCC 0–3 WALKOVER	FAB–INT 1–1 Felito '	PET–MAM 0–3	PET–MAM 0–3 Saavedra x2	PHU–DCS 4–1	PRI–SAG 2–1 Manuel Martins '	DBG–PRM 0–2	PRI–SAG 2–1	₇21

2	28/2/88	28/2/88	28/2/88	28/2/88	27/2/88	1/5/88	27/2/88	27/2/88	28/2/88	28/2/88	27/2/88	28/2/88	28/2/88	1/5/88	₂16
2	PET–DBG 3–1	DCS–PRI 0–2	MAM–DTA 1–0	PRM–FAB 1–0	FCC–PHU 2–2	SAG–FHL 0–2 Dinho ' Mavó '	INT–INA 1–1	INT–INA 1–1	MAM–DTA 1–0	PET–DBG 3–1	FCC–PHU 2–2	DCS–PRI 0–2	PRM–FAB 1–0	SAG–FHL 0–2	₂16

3	5/3/88	8/6/88	5/3/88	5/6/88	6/3/88	8/6/88	5/6/88	6/3/88	5/3/88	6/3/88	6/3/88	6/3/88	6/3/88	5/3/88	₁23
3	DTA–DBG 7–1	FHL–DCS 4–0	DTA–DBG 7–1	FAB–INA 0–3 WALKOVER	PRI–FCC 2–1	FHL–DCS 4–0	FAB–INA 0–3 WALKOVER	PHU–INT 1–1	SAG–MAM 2–1	PRM–PET 0–1 Avelino '	PHU–INT 1–1	PRI–FCC 2–1	PRM–PET 0–1	SAG–MAM 2–1	₁23

4	12/3/88	13/3/88	12/3/88	13/3/88	12/3/88	12/3/88	16/6/88	13/3/88	13/3/88	13/3/88	16/6/88	13/3/88	12/3/88	12/3/88	₄17
4	DBG–SAG 1–1	MAM–DCS 2–0	DTA–PRM 0–1	FAB–PET 0–3	FCC–FHL 1–1	FCC–FHL 1–1	INA–PHU 1–1 Custódio 15'	INT–PRI 3–2 Jesus x2	MAM–DCS 2–0	FAB–PET 0–3	INA–PHU 1–1 Picas 35'	INT–PRI 3–2	DTA–PRM 0–1	DBG–SAG 1–1	₄17

5	20/3/88	20/3/88	20/3/88	20/3/88	20/3/88	20/3/88	19/3/88	20/3/88	20/3/88	20/3/88	20/3/88	19/3/88	19/3/88	19/3/88	₃14
5	DCS–DBG 1–0	DCS–DBG 1–0	PET–DTA 1–0	FAB–PHU 1–1	MAM–FCC 0–0	FHL–INT 0–1	PRI–INA 6–2	FHL–INT 0–1	MAM–FCC 0–0	PET–DTA 1–0	FAB–PHU 1–1	PRI–INA 6–2 Manuel Martins x3	PRM–SAG 0–1	PRM–SAG 0–1	₃14

6	1/5/88	1/5/88	26/3/88	26/3/88	1/5/88	26/3/88	26/3/88	26/3/88	26/3/88	26/3/88	26/3/88	26/3/88	1/5/88	26/3/88	₇22
6	DBG–FCC 1–1 Enoque pen.	DCS–PRM 0–3	DTA–FAB 10–1	DTA–FAB 10–1	DBG–FCC 1–1 Bulau '	INA–FHL 0–1	INA–FHL 0–1	INT–MAM 2–0 Mendinho x2	INT–MAM 2–0	SAG–PET 0–2	PHU–PRI 1–0	PHU–PRI 1–0	DCS–PRM 0–3 Nelson ' Zé Maria ' Zé Pedro '	SAG–PET 0–2	₇22

7	3/4/88	4/5/88	3/4/88	3/4/88	5/4/88	1/6/88	3/4/88	3/4/88	3/4/88	4/5/88	1/6/88	3/4/88	5/4/88	3/4/88	₁18
7	DBG–INT 0–0	PET–DCS 3–1	DTA–SAG 3–2	FAB–PRI 1–3	FCC–PRM 0–1	FHL–PHU 0–0	MAM–INA 4–0	DBG–INT 0–0	MAM–INA 4–0	PET–DCS 3–1	FHL–PHU 0–0	FAB–PRI 1–3	FCC–PRM 0–1 Zé Pedro 78'	DTA–SAG 3–2	₁18

8	10/4/88	10/4/88	10/4/88	9/4/88	20/4/88	9/4/88	10/4/88	10/4/88	10/4/88	20/4/88	10/4/88	9/4/88	10/4/88	9/4/88	₂16
8	INA–DBG 3–1	DCS–DTA 0–0	DCS–DTA 0–0	SAG–FAB 3–2	PET–FCC 2–0	PRI–FHL 1–0	INA–DBG 3–1	PRM–INT 2–0	PHU–MAM 1–1	PET–FCC 2–0 Abel Campos ' Jesus 35'	PHU–MAM 1–1	PRI–FHL 1–0	PRM–INT 2–0	SAG–FAB 3–2	₂16

9	17/4/88	28/5/88	16/4/88	20/4/88	16/4/88	20/4/88	16/4/88	17/4/88	17/4/88	17/4/88	17/4/88	17/4/88	16/4/88	28/5/88	₁₀21
9	DBG–PHU 1–0	SAG–DCS 3–0	DTA–FCC 2–3	FHL–FAB 3–0	DTA–FCC 2–3	FHL–FAB 3–0 Bartolomeu ' Didí ' Mavó '	INA–PRM 1–1	PET–INT 3–2 Jesus x2	MAM–PRI 1–1 Maria pen.	PET–INT 3–2 Paulão ' Jesus pen. Abel Campos 75'	DBG–PHU 1–0	MAM–PRI 1–1 Ndunguidi pen.	INA–PRM 1–1	SAG–DCS 3–0	₁₀21

10	23/4/88	24/4/88	24/4/88	24/4/88	23/4/88	24/4/88	18/6/88	24/4/88	24/4/88	18/6/88	24/4/88	23/4/88	24/4/88	23/4/88	₁₁16
10	PRI–DBG 5–1 Martinho '	FAB–DCS 1–0	INT–DTA 1–0	FAB–DCS 1–0	FCC–SAG 1–0 Adriano '	MAM–FHL 1–2	INA–PET 1–2 Correia '	INT–DTA 1–0 Pedro Afonso '	MAM–FHL 1–2	INA–PET 1–2 Jesus ' Saavedra '	PRM–PHU 1–0	PRI–DBG 5–1 Manuel ' pen. Nelito Kwanza ' Novato ' Pelé x2	PRM–PHU 1–0	FCC–SAG 1–0	₁₁16

11	8/5/88	8/5/88	7/5/88	8/5/88	8/5/88	8/5/88	7/5/88	7/5/88	8/5/88	8/5/88	8/5/88	8/5/88	8/5/88	7/5/88	₄20
11	FHL–DBG 6–0	DCS–FCC 1–2	DTA–INA 5–1 Esquerdinho x2	FAB–MAM 0–3 WALKOVER	DCS–FCC 1–2	FHL–DBG 6–0 Mavó x2	DTA–INA 5–1	INT–SAG 1–0	FAB–MAM 0–3 WALKOVER	PHU–PET 0–1	PHU–PET 0–1	PRM–PRI 0–1	PRM–PRI 0–1	INT–SAG 1–0	₄20

12	15/5/88	2/6/88	15/5/88	14/5/88	14/5/88	5/6/88	14/5/88	2/6/88	15/5/88	15/5/88	15/5/88	15/5/88	5/6/88	14/5/88	₈22
12	DBG–MAM 2–0	INT–DCS 2–0	PHU–DTA 2–1	FCC–FAB 2–0	FCC–FAB 2–0	FHL–PRM 3–2	INA–SAG 2–0	INT–DCS 2–0 Jesus x2	DBG–MAM 2–0	PRI–PET 0–6 Saavedra 1' 26' 89' Ndongala 41' Abel 58' 83'	PHU–DTA 2–1	PRI–PET 0–6	FHL–PRM 3–2	INA–SAG 2–0	₈22

13	22/5/88	1/7/88	22/5/88	22/5/88	21/5/88	15/6/88	1/7/88	21/5/88	22/5/88	15/6/88	21/5/88	22/5/88	22/5/88	21/5/88	₄18
13	DBG–FAB 1–0	DCS–INA 2–0	DTA–PRI 0–1	DBG–FAB 1–0	FCC–INT 1–0 Adriano 90' pen.	PET–FHL 1–2 Ndisso 22' Jaburú 62'	DCS–INA 2–0	FCC–INT 1–0	MAM–PRM 3–5	PET–FHL 1–2 Abel Campos 13'	SAG–PHU 1–1	DTA–PRI 0–1	MAM–PRM 3–5	SAG–PHU 1–1	₄18

14	3/7/88	7/7/88	3/7/88	2/7/88	7/7/88	3/7/88	7/7/88	2/7/88	3/7/88	3/7/88	7/7/88	2/7/88	3/7/88	2/7/88	₃17
14	PRM–DBG 1–2	DCS–PHU 2–0	DTA–FHL 1–1 Nando Saturnino '	INT–FAB 1–0	FCC–INA 1–1 Clara 77'	DTA–FHL 1–1	FCC–INA 1–1 Correia ' pen.	INT–FAB 1–0	MAM–PET 1–1	MAM–PET 1–1	DCS–PHU 2–0	SAG–PRI 3–2	PRM–DBG 1–2	SAG–PRI 3–2	₃17

15	10/7/88	9/7/88	10/7/88	10/7/88	10/7/88	9/7/88	9/7/88	9/7/88	10/7/88	10/7/88	10/7/88	9/7/88	10/7/88	9/7/88	₇9
15	DBG–PET 0–0	PRI–DCS 4–0	DTA–MAM 0–0	FAB–PRM 1–0	PHU–FCC 1–0	FHL–SAG 2–1 Mavó 5' Ndisso 6'	INA–INT 0–0	INA–INT 0–0	DTA–MAM 0–0	DBG–PET 0–0	PHU–FCC 1–0	PRI–DCS 4–0 Mané 38' Ndunguidi 62' 72' Manuel Martins 78'	FAB–PRM 1–0	FHL–SAG 2–1 Man'Adão 80'	₇9

16	24/7/88	22/11/88	24/7/88	7/8/88	23/7/88	22/11/88	7/8/88	23/7/88	6/11/88	24/7/88	23/7/88	23/7/88	24/7/88	6/11/88	₉20
16	DBG–DTA 2–1	DCS–FHL 2–1 César ' Lolo '	DBG–DTA 2–1	INA–FAB 3–0	FCC–PRI 2–1 Adriano '	DCS–FHL 2–1 Ndisso '	INA–FAB 3–0	INT–PHU 2–0 Túbia 32' Raúl 41'	MAM–SAG 1–0	PET–PRM 3–2 Jesus 64' Teófilo 75'	INT–PHU 2–0	FCC–PRI 2–1	PET–PRM 3–2 Jorge '	MAM–SAG 1–0	₉20

17	13/8/88	14/8/88	14/9/88	14/9/88			25/9/88	17/8/88	14/8/88	14/9/88	25/9/88	17/8/88	14/9/88	13/8/88
17	SAG–DBG 2–0	DCS–MAM 1–2	PRM–DTA 2–0	PET–FAB 4–2	FHL–FCC –	FHL–FCC –	PHU–INA 6–0	PRI–INT 0–0	DCS–MAM 1–2	PET–FAB 4–2 Balalau '	PHU–INA 6–0	PRI–INT 0–0	PRM–DTA 2–0	SAG–DBG 2–0 Abreu ' Rui Paulino '

18	21/8/88	21/8/88	20/8/88	26/10/88	26/11/88	21/8/88	20/8/88	21/8/88	26/11/88	20/8/88	26/10/88	20/8/88	28/9/88	28/9/88
18	DBG–DCS 0–0	DBG–DCS 0–0	DTA–PET 0–1	PHU–FAB 7–0	FCC–MAM –	INT–FHL 0–2 Carlitos 38' Jaburú 78'	INA–PRI 1–2 Marques '	INT–FHL 0–2	FCC–MAM –	DTA–PET 0–1 Avelino '	PHU–FAB 7–0	INA–PRI 1–2 Nsuka 3' Manuel 33' pen.	SAG–PRM 1–0	SAG–PRM 1–0 Rui Paulino '

19	12/10/88	4/9/88	30/10/88	30/10/88	12/10/88	6/11/88	6/11/88	28/8/88	28/8/88	27/8/88	28/8/88	28/8/88	4/9/88	27/8/88	₁14
19	FCC–DBG 1–0	PRM–DCS 1–0	FAB–DTA 1–2	FAB–DTA 1–2	FCC–DBG 1–0 Jesus '	FHL–INA 2–2	FHL–INA 2–2	MAM–INT 0–2	MAM–INT 0–2	PET–SAG 1–0	PRI–PHU 1–1	PRI–PHU 1–1	PRM–DCS 1–0	PET–SAG 1–0	₁14

20	11/9/88	11/9/88	10/9/88	12/10/88	11/9/88	19/11/88	10/9/88	11/9/88	10/9/88	11/9/88	19/11/88	12/10/88	11/9/88	10/9/88	₁₀18
20	INT–DBG 2–1	DCS–PET 1–2	SAG–DTA 0–2	PRI–FAB 6–1 Renato '	PRM–FCC 0–0	PHU–FHL 0–1	INA–MAM 0–2	INT–DBG 2–1 Túbia '	INA–MAM 0–2 Maria ' Patrick '	DCS–PET 1–2	PHU–FHL 0–1	PRI–FAB 6–1 Degas x3 Manuel x2 Valentim '	PRM–FCC 0–0	SAG–DTA 0–2	₁₀18

21	18/9/88	17/9/88	17/9/88	18/12/88	17/9/88	19/10/88	18/9/88	18/9/88	18/9/88	17/9/88	18/9/88	19/10/88	18/9/88	18/12/88
21	DBG–INA 0–1	DTA–DCS 3–1	DTA–DCS 3–1	FAB–SAG –	FCC–PET 0–0	FHL–PRI 2–1	DBG–INA 0–1	INT–PRM 0–1	MAM–PHU 2–0	FCC–PET 0–0	MAM–PHU 2–0	FHL–PRI 2–1	INT–PRM 0–1	FAB–SAG –

22	9/10/88	14/12/88	8/10/88	9/10/88	8/10/88	9/10/88	19/11/88	9/10/88	8/10/88	9/10/88	9/10/88	8/10/88	19/11/88	14/12/88
22	PHU–DBG 1–1	DCS–SAG –	FCC–DTA 1–1 Nando Saturnino '	FAB–FHL 0–2	FCC–DTA 1–1 Pedrito '	FAB–FHL 0–2	PRM–INA 4–1	INT–PET 0–7	PRI–MAM 2–2 Ângelo '	INT–PET 0–7 Jesus x3	PHU–DBG 1–1	PRI–MAM 2–2 Arsénio ' Barbosa '	PRM–INA 4–1	DCS–SAG –

23	16/10/88	30/11/88	16/10/88	30/11/88	19/11/88	16/10/88	17/11/88	16/10/88	16/10/88	17/11/88	5/12/88	16/10/88	5/12/88	19/11/88
23	DBG–PRI 1–1 Enoque '	DCS–FAB –	DTA–INT 1–0 Saúca 78'	DCS–FAB –	SAG–FCC 2–0	FHL–MAM 1–0 Ndisso '	PET–INA 8–0	DTA–INT 1–0	FHL–MAM 1–0	PET–INA 8–0	PHU–PRM 3–1	DBG–PRI 1–1 Cali '	PHU–PRM 3–1	SAG–FCC 2–0 Man'Adão x2

24	23/10/88	22/10/88	22/10/88	23/10/88	22/10/88	23/10/88	22/10/88	16/11/88	23/10/88	23/10/88	23/10/88	22/10/88	22/10/88	16/11/88	₂21
24	DBG–FHL 2–5	FCC–DCS 1–1	INA–DTA 1–2 Coreano ' Nando Saturnino '	MAM–FAB 2–1	FCC–DCS 1–1	DBG–FHL 2–5	INA–DTA 1–2	SAG–INT 1–0	MAM–FAB 2–1	PET–PHU 0–1	PET–PHU 0–1	PRI–PRM 1–3	PRI–PRM 1–3	SAG–INT 1–0	₂21

25	27/11/88	8/1/89	21/11/88	14/12/88	14/12/88	26/11/88	27/11/88	8/1/89	27/11/88	26/11/88	21/11/88	26/11/88	26/11/88	27/11/88
25	MAM–DBG –	DCS–INT 2–0	DTA–PHU 1–1 Armando '	FAB–FCC –	FAB–FCC –	PRM–FHL 1–0	SAG–INA –	DCS–INT 2–0	MAM–DBG –	PET–PRI 2–3 Avelino 25' Luisinho '	DTA–PHU 1–1	PET–PRI 2–3 Amaral 10' ? Manuel Martins '	PRM–FHL 1–0 Zé Pedro '	SAG–INA –

26	18/1/89	15/1/89	4/12/88	18/1/89	18/12/88	29/11/88	15/1/89	18/12/88	18/12/88	29/11/88	15/1/89	4/12/88	18/12/88	15/1/89
26	FAB–DBG 0–3	INA–DCS 0–2	PRI–DTA 1–0	FAB–DBG 0–3	INT–FCC –	FHL–PET 3–2 Barbosa x2 Salvador 44' pen.	INA–DCS 0–2	INT–FCC –	PRM–MAM 1–1	FHL–PET 3–2 Saavedra x2	PHU–SAG 2–0	PRI–DTA 1–0	PRM–MAM 1–1	PHU–SAG 2–0
T			₈ 43							₂₈ 62	₂ 37	₂₈ 51	₆ 36

Top scorer

Manuel Domingos Martins

Champions

1988 Girabola winner
Atlético Petróleos de Luanda 5th title

Squad: Abel, Adinho, Antoninho, Avelino, Balalau, Barbosa, Jesus, Lúcio, Luisinho, Ndongala, Nejó, Paulão, Quim Sebas, Rasgado, Saavedra, Wilson
Head coach: Antônio Clemente

References

External links

Federação Angolana de Futebol

[table_note_INT0.6954120400806-1] Name later changed to Interclube

[table_note_MAM0.6954120400806-2] Name later reverted to its original Benfica do Huambo

[table_note_DTA0.6954120400806-3] Name later reverted to its original ASA

[table_note_DBG0.6954120400806-4] Name later reverted to its original Sporting de Benguela

[table_note_1_FAB_INA0.39459158545108-5] Inter do Namibe was awarded a 3–0 win

[table_note_1_FAB_MAM0.39459158545108-6] Mambroa was awarded a 3–0 win

[table_note_1_INA_FCC0.39459158545108-7] FC de Cabinda was awarded a 3–0 win

[a]

[b]

[c]

[d]

[a]

[b]

[c]