Anzia is a genus of foliose lichens known as black-foam lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. It was formerly included in the monogeneric family Anziaceae, but this has since been subsumed into the Parmeliaceae.[2]
In 1932, Yasuhiko Asahina divided the genus into three sections (Simplices, Duplices, and Nervosae) based on the structure of the medulla.[6] When Isao Yoshimura later observed that Anzia japonica had two medulla types in a single species (i.e. both a single-layered and a double-layered medulla), he combined sections Simplices and Duplices into section Anziae.[7]
Description
Members of Anzia have a foliose growth form, with a thallus that can measure anywhere from 2–30 cm (0.8–11.8 in) wide. The narrow lobes that comprise the thallus are pale greyish white to greyish green in colour. It is one of the only groups in the family not to have eight spores in each ascus, but instead has numerous spores in each ascus (varying slightly from ascus to ascus). These ascospores are crescent shaped. A characteristic of the genus is the presence of a brown-black or pale brown spongy cushion called a spongiostratum, which covers the lower surface.[8]
Pannoparmelia also has a spongiostratum, but in this genus the asci contain eight ascospores, and the upper cortex is yellow-green.[8]
Distribution
The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, but is concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in Japan.[9] Species of Anzia are typically found at eletvations between 1,000 and 4,000 m (3,300 and 13,100 ft) in subtropical or temperate latitudes of both hemispheres. They show a strong preference for growing on tree bark, particularly on Pinus (pine), Quercus (oak), and Rhododendron species. In montane and subalpine regions, they can also be found on Abies (fir), Picea (spruce), and occasionally on other woody substrates. While most species are epiphytic (growing on bark), some can rarely be found growing on rock surfaces in temperate mountain environments.[8]
Evolutionary history
A fossilized Anzia, Anzia electra, was found in 35–40 Myr-old Baltic amber. Its features suggest that the main distinguishing characteristics in the thallus morphology of section Anzia have been retained for tens of millions of years.[10]
Species
Anzia entingianaSide view of Anzia ornata, showing the black spongiostratum on the lobe underside
^Crespo, A.; Lumbsch, H. T.; Mattsson, J. E.; Blanco, O.; Divakar, P. K.; Articus, K.; Wiklund, E.; Bawingan, P. A.; Wedin, M. (2007). "Testing morphology-based hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) using three ribosomal markers and the nuclear RPB1 gene". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (2): 812–824. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.029. PMID17276700.
^Hertel, Hannes (2012). Gattungseponyme bei Flechten und Lichenicolen Pilzen [Generic eponyms in lichens and lichenicolous fungi]. Bibliotheca Lichenologica (in German). Vol. 107. Stuttgart: J. Cramer. p. 11. ISBN978-3-443-58086-5.
^Asahina, Y. (1935). "Anzia-Arten aus Japan". Journal of Japanese Botany. 11: 224–238.
^Yoshimura, I. (1987). "Taxonomy and speciation of Anzia and Pannoparmelia". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 25: 185–195.
^Asahina, Y. (1937). "Anzia-Arten aus Japan mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der chemischen Bestandteile". Journal of Japanese Botany (in German). 13: 219–226.
^Elix, John A. (2007). "New species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) from Australasia". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 95: 171–182.
^ abMüller, J. (1891). "Lichenologische Beiträge XXXIV". Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 74 (1): 107–113.
^Yoshimura, I.; Sipman, H.J.M.; Aptroot, A. (1995). "The lichen genus Anzia in New Guinea". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 58: 439–469.
^Galloway, D.J. (1978). "Anzia and Pannoparmelia (Lichenes) in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 16: 261–270.
^ abYoshimura, I.; Elix, J.A. (1993). "The lichen genera Anzia and Pannoparmelia in Australia". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 74: 287–298.
^Liang, Meng Meng; Qian, Zi Gang; Wang, Xin Yu; Chen, Hong Mei; Liu, Dong; Wang, Li Song (2012). "Contributions to the lichen flora of the Hengduan Mountains, China (5). Anzia rhabdorhiza (Parmeliaceae), a new species". The Bryologist. 115 (3): 382–387. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-115.3.382. JSTOR23321053.
