A. l. angusi Rothschild, 1921 A. l. blainei Rothschild, 1913 A. l. lervia Pallas, 1777 A. l. fassini Lepri, 1930 A. l. ornatus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827 A. l. sahariensis Rothschild, 1913
The Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia), also known as aoudad (pronounced [ˈɑʊdæd]), is a species of caprine native to rocky mountains in North Africa and parts of West Africa.[1] While this is the only species in genus Ammotragus, six subspecies have been described. Although it is rare in its native North Africa, it has been introduced to North America, southern Europe, and elsewhere. It is also known in the Berber language as waddan or arwi, and in former French territories as the mouflon.
Description
Barbary sheep stand 75 to 110 cm (2 ft 6 in to 3 ft 7 in) tall at the shoulder, with a length around 1.5 m (5 ft), and weigh 30 to 145 kg (66 to 320 lb).[5] They are sandy-brown, darkening with age, with a slightly lighter underbelly and a darker line along the back. Upper parts and the outer parts of the legs are a uniform reddish- or grayish-brown. Some shaggy hair is on the throat (extending down to the chest in males) with a sparse mane. Their horns have a triangularcross-section. The horns curve outward, backward, then inward, and can exceed 76 cm (30 in) in length. The horns are fairly smooth, with slight wrinkles evident at the base as the animal matures.[6]
They have become common in a limited region of southeastern Spain, since its introduction in 1970 to Sierra Espuña Regional Park as a game species. Its adaptability enabled it to colonize nearby areas quickly, and private game estates provided other centers of dispersion. The species is currently expanding, according to recent field surveys, now being found in the provinces of Alicante, Almería, Granada, and Murcia.[13] The species is a potential competitor to native ungulates inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula, and has also been introduced to La Palma (in the Canary Islands), and has spread throughout the northern and central parts of the island, where it is a serious threat to endemicvegetation.[14] The aoudad has also been introduced in Croatia several times, where there is a population in Mosor.[15]
Although the species has not yet been recorded in Australia, it is considered a pest species in Queensland with the potential to establish in the wild.[16]
Taxonomy
Juvenile
A. lervia is the only species in the genusAmmotragus. However, some authors include this genus in the goat genus Capra, together with the sheep genus Ovis.[4]
The subspecies are found allopatrically in various parts of North Africa:[7]
A. l. lervia Pallas, 1777 (vulnerable)
A. l. ornata I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827 (Egyptian Barbary sheep, thought to be extinct in the wild but still found in the eastern desert of Egypt)[17][18]
A. l. sahariensis Rothschild, 1913 (vulnerable)
A. l. blainei Rothschild, 1913 (vulnerable)
A. l. angusi Rothschild, 1921 (vulnerable)
A. l. fassini Lepri, 1930 (vulnerable)
Habitats
Barbary sheep
Barbary sheep are found in arid mountainous areas where they graze and browsegrasses, bushes, and lichens. They are able to obtain all their metabolic water from food, but if liquid water is available, they drink and wallow in it. Barbary sheep are crepuscular - active in the early morning and late afternoon and rest in the heat of the day. They are very agile and can achieve a standing jump over 2 metres (7 ft). They are well adapted to their habitat, which consist of steep, rocky mountains and canyons. They often flee at the first sign of danger, typically running uphill. They are extremely nomadic and travel constantly via mountain ranges. Their main predators in North Africa were the Barbary leopard, Barbary lion, and caracal, but now humans, feral dogs, competition due to overgrazing by domestic animals and drought[19] threaten their populations.
Names
The binomial nameAmmotragus lervia derives from the Greek ἄμμος ámmos ("sand", referring to the sand-coloured coat) and τράγος trágos ("goat").
Lervia derives from the wild sheep of northern Africa described as "lerwee" by Rev. T. Shaw in his "Travels and Observations" about parts of Barbary and Levant.
The Spanish named this sheep the arruis, from Berber arrwis, and the Spanish Legion even used it as a mascot for a time.
Aoudad ([ˈɑː.uːdæd]) is the name for this sheep used by the Berbers, a North African people, and it is also called arui and waddan (in Libya).
Gallery
Barbary sheep seeks handouts at a Texas wildlife park
Ewe and lamb rest in the shade of a tree
Lamb (closeup)
Barbary sheep at the Wildlife Ranch in San Antonio
^Da Silva, Anne; Ahbara, Abulgasim; Baazaoui, Imen; Jemaa, Slim Ben; Cao, Yinhong; Ciani, Elena; Dzomba, Edgar Farai; Evans, Linda; Gootwine, Elisha; Hanotte, Olivier; Harris, Laura; Li, Meng-Hua; Mastrangelo, Salvatore; Missohou, Ayao; Molotsi, Annelin; Muchadeyi, Farai C.; Mwacharo, Joram M.; Tallet, Gaëlle; Vernus, Pascal; Hall, Stephen J. G.; Lenstra, Johannes A. (19 November 2024). "History and genetic diversity of African sheep: Contrasting phenotypic and genomic diversity". Animal Genetics. doi:10.1111/age.13488. PMC11666867. PMID39561986. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
^Manlius, Nicolas; Menardi-Noguera, Alessandro; Zboray, Andras (2003). "Decline of the Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) in Egypt during the 20th century: literature review and recent observations". Journal of Zoology. 259 (4): 403–409. doi:10.1017/S0952836902003394.
^Acevedo, Pelayo; Cassinello, Jorge; Hortal, Joaquín; Gortázar, Christian (1 June 2007). "Invasive exotic aoudad (Ammotragus lervia) as a major threat to native Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica): a habitat suitability model approach". Diversity and Distributions. 13 (5): 587–597. Bibcode:2007DivDi..13..587A. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00374.x. hdl:10261/118202. S2CID83656269.
^Nogales, M.; Rodriguez-Luengo, J. L.; Marerro, P. (January 2006). "Ecological effects and distribution of invasive non-native mammals on the Canary Islands". Mammal Review. 36 (1): 49–65. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2006.00077.x.
^Hackländer, K.; Zachos, F. E. (2020). Handbook of the Mammals of Europe. Springer, Cham. ISBN978-3-319-65038-8.
^Wacher, T., El Din, S. B., Mikhail, G., & El Din, M. B. (2002). New observations of the ‘extinct’ Barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia ornata in Egypt. Oryx, 36(3), 301-304. doi:10.1017/S0030605302000534
^Manlius, N., Menardi-Noguera, A. and Zboray, A. 2003. Decline of the Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) in Egypt during the 20th century: literature review and recent observations. Journal of Zoology (London) 259: 403-409. doi:10.1017/S0952836902003394
Wacher, T., Baha El Din, S., Mikhail, G. & Baha El Din, M. (2002). New observations of the "extinct" Aoudad Ammotragus lervia ornata in Egypt. Oryx36: 301–304.
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