Canadian Airlines

Canadian Airlines International
Founded	March 27, 1987; (amalgamation)
Ceased operations	January 1, 2001; (acquired by and integrated into Air Canada)
Hubs	Calgary; Montréal–Dorval; Montréal–Mirabel; Toronto–Pearson; Vancouver;
Focus cities	Edmonton; Halifax; Ottawa;
Frequent-flyer program	Canadian Plus
Alliance	Oneworld (1999–2000)
Subsidiaries	Canadian North; Canadian Regional Airlines (1993–2001);
Parent company	Canadian Airlines Corporation
Headquarters	Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Key people	Kevin Benson (President & CEO)

Canadian Airlines International Ltd. (stylized as Canadi›n Airlines or Canadi‹n Airlines, or simply Canadian) was a major Canadian airline that operated from 1987 until 2001. The airline was Canada's second largest airline after Air Canada, carrying more than 11.9 million passengers to over 160 destinations in 17 countries on five continents at its height in 1996. Canadian Airlines served 105 destinations in Canada, more than any other airline. It was a founding member of the Oneworld airline alliance.

Canadian Airlines was headquartered in Calgary,^[1]^[2] and had revenue of approximately $3 billion at the end of 1999. The airline and its aircraft were acquired by Air Canada in 2000, and the merger was officially completed on January 1, 2001.^[3]

History

Canadian Airlines International was the principal subsidiary of Canadian Airlines Corporation. The new airline was formed on March 27, 1987, when Pacific Western Airlines purchased Canadian Pacific Air Lines, which in turn had recently acquired Eastern Provincial Airways and Nordair.^[4]

In 1989, Canadian Airlines acquired Wardair, giving it access to new routes including long-sought-after routes to the UK and Europe. Its major hubs were at Montréal-Dorval International Airport (now known as Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport), Toronto Pearson International Airport, Vancouver International Airport and Calgary International Airport.^[5]

Canadian Airlines streamlined its operations and went through the financial restructuring of over $700 million in debt, after the 1991 airline industry slump. It was further aided by an injection of cash from the American Airlines Group.

On November 1, 1996, Kevin Benson, then president and CEO, unveiled a restructuring strategy to improve the profitability of Canadian Airlines International. The operational restructuring plan was supposed to be phased in over a four-year period, addressing the main issues of cost control, revenue growth, capitalization and fleet renewal. It was also one of the founding members of the Oneworld airline alliance, along with American Airlines, British Airways, Cathay Pacific and Qantas. The plan started off well but with the effects of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, air traffic decreased and Canadian suffered heavy losses on previously profitable trans-Pacific routes.

The first Canadian Airlines logo

Canadian Plus was the largest frequent flyer program in Canada with more than 60 airline, hotel, car rental, and financial partners worldwide. The program had more than three million members.

In its last few years of operation, Canadian Airlines extended its international route network in Asia, with the most recent expansion of service to the Philippines, which gave it seven destinations in Asia. At that time Canadian Airlines had the distinction of flying to more places in Asia with more frequency than any other Canadian carrier.

Canadian Airlines' core business strategy focused on building its Vancouver hub into the leading gateway between North America and Asia. It leveraged its codesharing agreement with American Airlines in order to help capture a greater share of U.S.-Asia traffic flows.

Onex bid and Air Canada takeover

On August 20, 1999, Air Canada proposed a financial offer to Canadian Airlines which would see Canadian's international routes and airport slots sold to Air Canada for an undisclosed amount. Canadian Airlines would be relegated to be a regional carrier providing a feeder network to Air Canada. This offer was rejected. This financial offer evolved from a merger proposal between Canadian Airlines and Air Canada which had been ongoing since early 1999.

The proposed merger was backed by American Airlines, who had already owned a 25% stake in Canadian Airlines, the maximum allowed under Canadian foreign ownership restrictions. Then-American CEO Donald Carty, who had formerly headed Canadian predecessor Canadian Pacific Air Lines, planned to acquire a controlling interest in the enlarged Air Canada, with the purpose of moving it from the Star Alliance to Oneworld alliance. American Airlines was unsuccessfully lobbying Canadian federal government to ease foreign ownership restrictions on Canadian airlines. Afterwards, American sold its shares in Air Canada as the company decided to change its corporate strategy regarding the Canadian aviation market.

Four days later, on August 24, 1999, Onex Corporation announced a takeover bid for Canadian Airlines, backed by American Airlines's parent company AMR Corporation, consisting of $1.8B in cash and the assumption of $3.9B in debt. Canadian Airlines announced that it would support this and recommend acceptance from its shareholders. Air Canada rejected the offer. On August 31, 1999, Air Canada adopted a poison pill aimed at thwarting any takeover bid.

On October 19, 1999, Air Canada, backed by Star Alliance partners Lufthansa, United Airlines and CIBC announced a $930M counter bid to the Onex offer. Air Canada offered $92M for Canadian Airlines and committed to running it as a separate company. On November 2, Air Canada increased its offer to $16 per share to buy back 36.4 percent of the airline.

On November 5, 1999, a Quebec judge ruled that the Onex takeover was illegal, breaking the law that stipulates that no more than 10 percent of the company can be controlled by a single shareholder. Onex subsequently withdrew its offer and Air Canada stated it would proceed with the takeover of Canadian Airlines.

On December 4, the board of directors at Canadian Airlines recommended the $92M merger offer from Air Canada to the shareholders. The offer from Air Canada originally expired at 5pm on December 7, 1999, but Air Canada extended their offer until December 23, 1999. Air Canada officially took control of Canadian Airlines, pending government approval, on December 8, 1999. The Federal Competition Bureau cleared the way for the takeover on December 21, 1999 and Canadian Airlines officially became a subsidiary of Air Canada on December 23, 1999.

Canadian Airlines operated as a subsidiary company through most of 2000. In October 2000, all of Canadian Airlines' systems and employees became fully integrated. With both companies fully integrated, Air Canada began massive cuts to employees starting with the announcement that there would be 3500 cuts in the workforce on December 22, 2000. September 26, 2001 saw an additional 5000 cuts primarily driven from the worldwide impact to the travel sector caused by the 9/11 attacks.

At the time of merger, Canadian Airlines carried over 40% of the domestic share of passengers in Canada. Following the completion of the acquisition, Air Canada controlled over 90% of the domestic share of passengers, and dominated international and US-Canada transborder traffic.^[6]

Internet presence

Canadian Airlines has the distinction of being the first airline in the world to have a website on the Internet (www.cdnair.ca). The website was launched in April 1994 and is recognized in the Canadian Internet Handbook^[7] 1994 and 1995 editions. It was given recognition for not only being the first airline website in the world but also the first with transactional capabilities such as flight arrival/departure and fare information. At the time, this fact was widely reported by Canadian media including CBC Venture and Maclean's Magazine. The website was created by and credited to Grant Fengstad who at the time was leading a strategy to demonstrate that the Internet was going to revolutionize the travel sector.^{[citation needed]}

Destinations

This is a list of airports that Canadian Airlines International flew to during the 1980s and 1990s until its demise.

Asia

East Asia

China
- Beijing - Beijing Capital International Airport
- Shanghai - Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport
Hong Kong
- Hong Kong International Airport (after 1998)
- Kai Tak Airport (terminated due to airport closure in 1998)
Japan
- Nagoya - Nagoya Komaki Airport
- Tokyo - Narita International Airport
Taiwan
- Taipei - Taoyuan International Airport

Southeast Asia

Malaysia
- Kuala Lumpur
  - Kuala Lumpur International Airport
  - Subang International Airport (before 1998)
Philippines
- Manila - Ninoy Aquino International Airport
Singapore
- Changi Airport
Thailand
- Bangkok - Don Mueang International Airport

Europe

Eastern Europe

North America

Canada

- Alberta
  - Calgary - Calgary International Airport (hub)
  - Edmonton
    - Edmonton City Centre Airport (terminated due to airport closure)
    - Edmonton International Airport
  - Fort McMurray - Fort McMurray International Airport
- British Columbia
- Manitoba
- Newfoundland and Labrador
- New Brunswick
- Northwest Territories
- Nova Scotia
  - Halifax - Halifax Stanfield International Airport
  - Sydney - JA Douglas McCurdy Sydney Airport
- Nunavut
- Ontario
  - Kingston - Kingston Norman Rogers Airport
  - London - London International Airport
  - Ottawa - Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
  - Sault Ste. Marie - Sault Ste. Marie Airport
  - Sudbury - Sudbury Airport
  - Sarnia - Sarnia Chris Hadfield Airport
  - Thunder Bay - Thunder Bay International Airport
  - Toronto - Toronto Pearson International Airport (hub) (Terminal 3)
  - Windsor - Windsor Airport
- Quebec
- Saskatchewan
  - Regina - Regina International Airport
  - Saskatoon - John G. Diefenbaker International Airport
- Prince Edward Island
  - Charlottetown - Charlottetown Airport
- Yukon
  - Whitehorse - Whitehorse International Airport

Mexico

United States

Oceania

Australia
- Sydney - Sydney Airport
Fiji
- Nadi - Nadi International Airport
New Zealand
- Auckland - Auckland Airport

South America

Livery

Upon its founding in 1987, Canadian Airlines revealed its new livery using the colours light grey, dark grey, navy blue, and red. The paint scheme was an adaptation of the recently introduced livery from predecessor Canadian Pacific Airlines. The lower half of the aircraft's body was navy blue, topped with light grey and red stripes, while the tail was blue, with approximately one third taken up by the carrier's new logo. The new Canadian Airlines logo was a combination of Canadian Pacific's five grey stripes, representing the five continents served by the carrier. Over these stripes was a thick, bright red chevron. The chevron was a simplification of the Pacific Western Airlines logo. The chevron was placed over the stripes, which then represented "Wings over 5 continents". It was also an ingenious and subtle way to represent the takeover of CP by PWA. The same logo, in a square form, became a clever alternative to a true bilingual name on the fuselage replacing the French "e", and the third "a" in English (Canadian/Canadien).

Canadian adopted a short-lived new livery in January 1999, less than a year before the airline was merged into Air Canada. The livery, known as "Proud Wings", featured a large Canada goose painted at the tail of the aircraft and the airline's name in a new Celeste font. This new font included a new chevron character, to again replace the French "e", and third "a" in English (Canadian/Canadien).^[8] The new livery, however, came so late that most of the fleet still retained the existing chevron livery by the time of the merger. Until the merger process with Air Canada was completed in 2001, most Canadian aircraft featured a transition livery with an Air Canada maple leaf on the tail while retaining the name "Canadian" on the fuselage.

Fleet

When Canadian Airlines International was acquired by Air Canada in 2001, its fleet contained these aircraft:

Canadian Airlines International Fleet (in December 1999, at time of acquisition)
Aircraft	Total	Orders	Passengers			Notes
Aircraft	Total	Orders	C	Y	Total	Notes
Airbus A320-200	13	—	24	108	132	Fleet was transferred to Air Canada. 5 aircraft remain in service with Air Canada and Air Canada Jetz.
Boeing 737-200/Adv	43	—	12	88	100	All aircraft transferred to Air Canada (or later to Air Canada Tango or Zip) were retired in 2004.
Boeing 737-200/Adv	43	—	—	112	112
Boeing 747-400	4	—	42	379	421	Fleet was transferred to Air Canada,until this retired in 2004.
Boeing 767-300ER	23	—	25	180	205	All aircraft transferred to Air Canada (or later to Air Canada Rouge) were retired by 2020. However, certain aircraft re-entered service, and converted into freighters to Air Canada Cargo by 2021.
McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30	14	—	28	228	256	Fleet was not transferred to Air Canada. Sold or retired by completion of merger.
Total	97	—

Historical Fleet

Airbus A310-300 (from Wardair, five aircraft sold to Canadian Forces in 1992 and the rest sold to other airlines in the 1990s; replaced by Boeing 767-300ER)
Airbus A320-200
Boeing 737-200, 200-ELR and 200-Combi
Boeing 737-300 (leased only by CP Air at the time of merger, returned to lessor in the late 1980s)
Boeing 767-300ER
Boeing 747-400
McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 (Operated by CP Air. Leased from United Airlines, returned in 1987)
McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30

Regional Fleet

Canadian Airlines operated a diverse fleet of turboprops and regional jets through a system of partnerships and codesharing agreements with various regional airlines, some of which later merged to form Canadian Regional Airlines:

Turboprops

de Havilland Canada DHC-8 (-100 and -300, operated by Time Air and Air Atlantic)
de Havilland Canada DHC-7 (operated by Time Air)
de Havilland Canada DHC-6 (operated by Calm Air)
Short 360 (operated by Time Air and Pacific Coastal Airlines)
Beechcraft 1900C (operated by Air Georgian as Ontario Regional and Frontier Air Service as Canadian Frontier)
Beechcraft 1900D (operated by Air Georgian as Ontario Regional)
Beechcraft 99 (operated by Pacific Coastal Airlines)
Beechcraft King Air 100 (operated by Frontier Air Service)
Beechcraft King Air 200 (operated by Pacific Coastal Airlines)
Grumman G-21 Goose (operated by Pacific Coastal Airlines)
Saab 340 (operated by Calm Air)
Hawker Siddeley HS 748 (operated by Calm Air)
British Aerospace Jetstream 31 (operated by Ontario Express)
British Aerospace Jetstream 41 (operated by Air Atlantic)
Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante (operated by Air Alma)
Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia (operated by Ontario Express, operated by Air Alma as Air Quebec/Metro)
ATR-42 (operated by Ontario Express, later transferred to Inter-Canadien)
Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner (operated by Inter-Canadien)
Convair 340 (operated by Inter-Canadien)
Convair 580 (operated by Time Air and Inter-Canadien)
Convair 640 (operated by Time Air)

Jets

British Aerospace 146 (-200, operated by Air Atlantic)
Fokker F28 (-1000, operated by Time Air, Inter-Canadien, and Canadian North)
Fokker 100 (operated by Inter-Canadien)

In-flight services

Canadian Airlines offered three classes:

First Class (F)
Business Class (J)
Canadian Class (Y)
- referred to as Economy Class on turboprop aircraft

First Class was available on flights using wide body jets and Business Classes on flights not using regional jets or turboprop aircraft.

In 1987, Canadian Airlines banned smoking on all domestic flights.^[9]

Food

Meals provided on flights within Canada were catered by LSG Sky Chefs and all other flights by local contractors.

Maintenance

Maintenance was provided by in-house operations during the existence of the airlines. Aircraft would be serviced by other airlines at airports without CA operations.

Ground handling

Ground handling was provided by in-house operations during the existence of the airlines. Aircraft baggage would be handled by in-house operations and the interior cleaning and lav and potable service, carpet replacement, seat back and seat covered replacement was handled by Canadian Airlines Cleaning department at airports within CA operations.

Entertainment

Most international and medium haul flights provided both video and audio entertainment. Short haul flights provided audio entertainment only.

Newspapers and magazines

Newspapers provided in-flight on most aircraft:

Canadian – the official in-flight magazine of Canadian Airlines
newspapers – The Globe and Mail, USA Today
magazines – Maclean's

Lounges

Canadian lounges were called Empress Lounge and were located at several airports in Canada and abroad:

Subsidiaries

Canadian Airlines' domestic network was broken down into five divisions:

Canadian Partner operated by Ontario Express served Ontario province.
Canadian Regional Airlines, which served 69 destinations in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, the Northwest Territories, Ontario, and the United States. Canadian Regional was 100 percent owned by Canadian Airlines. The predecessors of Canadian Regional were Time Air (which operated Canadian Partner service) and Ontario Express.
Calm Air which served 27 destinations in Manitoba, northwestern Ontario, and the Northwest Territories. Calm Air was 45 percent owned by Canadian Regional and continues to operate under separate management.
Inter-Canadien served Ottawa, Toronto, Labrador, and 26 destinations throughout Quebec. Inter-Canadien was 100 percent owned by Canadian Regional.
Air Atlantic, a regional partner of Canadian Airlines, served 16 destinations throughout the Atlantic provinces, Quebec, Ontario, and the United States.
Canadian North was a division of Canadian Airlines created to serve the northern regions. Canadian North had a network of 10 destinations that expanded from its southern bases of Edmonton and Winnipeg. Canadian North also had a commercial agreement with Aklak Air, an Inuit-owned and operated airline in the Northwest Territories. Canadian North was sold in 1998 to Norterra and continues to operate as an independent airline.

In addition to flight providers, Canadian Airlines operated the largest tour operator in Canada called Canadian Holidays and the Canadian Getaways program. The operator flew to destinations which included destinations throughout North and South America. Their freight operation, Canadian Air Cargo, provided general air cargo services in Canada and the United States.

Media appearances

In 1994, the Canadian Children's show Mighty Machines filmed one of their episodes (Mighty Machines at the Airport) at Toronto Pearson International Airport, starring a couple of Canadian Airlines jets (a McDonnell Douglas DC-10, a Boeing 737-200 and an Airbus A320) and several other of the carrier's vehicles.^{[citation needed]}^[10]

In the 1996 film Homeward Bound 2: Lost in San Francisco, the family is flying to Canada on Canadian Airlines when the pets escape. The pets then chase after the Canadian Airlines jet and sit on the runway as the Canadian 737 takes off over their heads. During this scene many other Canadian Airlines planes are visible.^[11] The scene, while supposed to be at San Francisco International Airport, was actually filmed at the Abbotsford International Airport in Abbotsford, British Columbia.^[12]

Accidents and incidents

No fatalities occurred on Canadian Airlines International flights.^[13] There were only two major incidents:

On October 19, 1995, Canadian Airlines International Flight 17 rejected takeoff due to compressor stall and subsequently over-ran the end of the runway at Vancouver International Airport.^[14]
On September 6, 1997, Canadian Airlines International Flight 30 aborted takeoff after experiencing an engine fire at Beijing Capital International Airport.^[15]

References

^ "INVESTOR & FINANCIAL INFORMATION Overview." Canadian Airlines. March 2, 2000. Retrieved on September 7, 2017. "Canadian Airlines Corporation Airport Corporate Centre 1601 Airport Road NE, Suite 200 Calgary, Alberta T2E 6Z8"
^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. p. 59. "Canadian Airlines International (CP)[...]#2800-700 2nd Street SW, Calgary, T2P 2W2, Alberta, Canada"
^ "Air Canada Moments". Archived from the original on 2017-09-07. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
^ Canadian Airlines International Flight International January 4, 1987 page 4
^ Cross, Lee (January 19, 2024). "1/19/1989: Wardair Acquired by Rival Canadian Airlines". Airways Magazine. Retrieved 2024-09-06.
^ "The Air Canada/Canadian Airlines Merger: A Uniquely Canadian Antitrust Experience".^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Broadhead, Rick; Carroll, Jim (1994). Canadian Internet handbook (1994 ed.). Scarborough, Ont.: Prentice Hall Canada. ISBN 9780133043952.
^ "Typographic Branding Archived 2009-06-29 at the Wayback Machine." Upper & Lower Case Magazine. Issue 28.1.1. Retrieved on June 24, 2009.
^ Kramon, Glenn. "Northwest Airlines Bans Smoking on Most Flights." The New York Times. March 24, 1988. 2. Retrieved on February 8, 2012.
^ 'Mighty Machines at the Airport' Mighty Machines. Malofilm Productions, Inc
^ TheDieHardWWEAddict (2015-03-26), Homeward Bound II Lost In SF Scene - Escaping Airport Security, archived from the original on 2017-04-05, retrieved 2017-02-22
^ Fox, Michael J.; Field, Sally; Waite, Ralph; Michaels, Al (1996-03-08), Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco, retrieved 2017-02-22
^ "Canadian Airlines International". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
^ "Aviation Investigation Report A95H0015". Canada.gc.ca. Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
^ "Aviation Investigation Report A97F0059". Canada.gc.ca. Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Retrieved August 8, 2012.