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A KOD demonstration in Warsaw, on 19 December 2015.A KOD demonstration in Gdańsk on 19 December 2015.Roger Waters wearing a T-shirt with the inscription "Konstytucja #KOD" during his concert in Gdańsk on 5 August 2018.
KOD has its Polish headquarters in Warsaw and international office in Brussels[5] (KOD International), with chapters and affiliated associations around Europe, in North America, Asia and Australia.[6]
KOD was formed in opposition to several actions taken by the governing party after Law and Justice won parliament election. In October 2015, Law and Justice (Polish: Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, PiS) [4] became the first party in post-communist Polish history to control an absolute majority of the seats in the Polish Parliament. They won the presidential elections with a PiS-backed candidate, Andrzej Duda, just a few months earlier.[8] The primary impetus for the formation of KOD was the Parliament's enactment of a law on 26 November 2015 purporting to invalidate the prior Government's appointment of five judges to the Polish Constitutional Court and the nomination of new PiS-affiliated judges to replace them.[9][10] Since then the organisation has opposed and reacted to any actions taken by the government or President Andrzej Duda which were deemed unlawful, undermining democracy, limiting civil liberties or going against European principles.[11]
KOD logo until 2019 (bilingual variant)
Activity
On 26 November 2015, the members of KOD wrote an open letter entitled "A Letter of the Citizens of the Constitutional State to Andrzej Duda, the President of Poland" asking him to swear in three of the five judges to the Constitutional Court. KOD argued that those three, although not the other two, were duly elected by the previous parliament.[12]
As the disagreements between the governing party and the Constitutional Court continued, KOD called for protests against what it perceives as a breach of the Constitution in violation of democratic norms and the constitutional separation of powers between the legislature, executive branch, and judiciary.[10]
The former leader, Mateusz Kijowski, left the organisation in 2017 after being accused of appropriating 121 thousand złoty.[13]
Demonstration, which was estimated by Der Spiegel and Le Monde to include 50,000 demonstrators,[14][15] and at between 17,000 and 20,000 people by the police,[16] took place in front of the headquarters of the Constitutional Court in Warsaw on 12 December 2015. Parallel demonstrations were also held in other major Polish cities, including: Poznań (over 2,000 people), Szczecin (over 2,000 people), Wrocław (approx. 2,000 people), Lublin (500), and Bielsko-Biała (200).
On 9 January 2016, there were demonstrations on the "Free Media" in 20 cities in Poland.[citation needed]
On 23 January 2016, 40 cities and towns in Poland saw protests about "Defense of Your freedom".[citation needed]
A demonstration with 70,000 people was held in Warsaw on 27 February; it was called "We, the People".[citation needed]
A demonstration under the theme "We are and will remain in Europe" took place on 7 May in Warsaw and was estimated to gather up to 240,000 people by City Hall.[citation needed]
Most of the protests in Poland are accompanied by smaller protests by KOD cells in most European capitals and around the world, notably in Brussels, London, Paris, Berlin and the USA.[17]
