The Dzherakh, also spelled Jerakh (Ingush: ЖӀайрахой, romanized: Žyajraxoj), historically also known as Erokhan people, were a historical Ingush ethnoterritorial society, today a tribal organization/clan (teip),[a] that was formed in the Dzheyrakhin gorge, as well as in the area of the lower reaches of the Armkhi River and the upper reaches of the Terek River.
Dzherakh first became known in the Russian sources in the 16th century, under the name Erokhan people (Russian: Ероханские люди, romanized: Erokhanskie lyudi).
History
The first mention of Dzherakh was in 16th century, in Russian documents as Erokhan people.[17] The Dzherakhs were also mentioned by Georgian prince, historian and geographer, Vakhushti Bagrationi in 1745.[18][19]
The first contact of Dzherakh with Russian was in 1833, during the punitive expedition on Mountainous Ingushetia, done by General Abkhazov.[20]
Were known for their raids during the Caucasian War, together with Kists (Fyappiy) and Tagaurs.[21]
Composition
Dzherakhsociety/teip consisted of following fortified villages (auls) and surnames (nyaqhash/vyarash):[b]
Non-existent auls whose territory comprise today's Dzheyrakh. Biykau layer became part of (Anzor) Borova aul, which later, was evicted by Russian Administration from the left bank of Terek River in 1865.[28]
Biykau (Бийков)
Borova
Egon-Kale (Эгӏара-кхал)
Kalmykov (Калмыков)
Makhan-Kale (Maгӏapa-кхал)
Notes
^Dzherakh were mentioned as an Ingush society by "Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840",[1] "Caucasian Territory // Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, 1851",[2] Bulletin of the Caucasian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society,[3] Volkonsky,[4] Maksimov, Vertepov,[5] Pantyukhov,[6] Kovalevsky,[7] Milyutin,[8] Martirosian,[9] Soviet Ethnography,[10] Geiger, Halasi-Kun, Kuipers, Menges,[11] Krupnov,[12] Volkova,[13] G. Anchabadze,[14] V. A. Kuznetsov[15] and Pavlova.[16]
^The information in the table is based on several archive documents such as: "List of populated locations of the Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug" (1859),[22] "List of residents of the Gorsky Uchastok of the Ingushskiy Okrug, with testimony against everyone who, how many have their own arable hay days of land" (1864)[23] and "List of mountain villages of the Kuban and TerekOblasts" (1869).[24] The orthography of the teips and nyaqhash/vyarash was mainly based on the work "Onomasticon of Ingushetia",[25] while the information regarding what auls they inhabit/inhabited is mainly based on the information of Zaurbek Malsagov [ru][26] and Shukri Dakhilgov.[27]
"Къ племени Ингушей, занимающих плоскость и котловины Кавказских горъ съ правой стороны Терека до верхних частей Аргуна и до теченія Фартанги, принадлежатъ: 1) Назрановцы с Комбулейскимъ обществомъ, 2) Джераховцы, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Цоринцы, 5) Ближніе Кистинцы с небольшимъ обществомъ Малхинцевъ вновь покорившимся, 6) Галгай, 7) Галашевцы, 8) дальніе Кисты…"
"Ингушевское племя состояло из следующих обществ: кистинского, джераховского, назрановского, карабулакского (впоследствии назвавшегося галашевским), галгаевского, цоринского, акинского и мереджинского; все эти общества вместе имели свыше тридцати тысяч душ."
Geiger, Bernard; Halasi-Kun, Tibor; Kuipers, Aert; Menges, Karl H. (Columbia University) (1959). Peoples and Languages of the Caucasus. A Synopsis. Janua Linguarum. Hague: S-Gravenhage: Mouton & Co. pp. 1–79.
Воронов, Н. И.; Кавказскій отдѣлъ Императорскаго русскаго географическаго общества (1869). "Списокъ горскихъ ауловъ Кубанской и Терской областей" [List of mountain villages of the Kuban and Terek Oblasts]. Сборникъ статистическихъ свѣдѣній о Кавказѣ [Collection of statistical information about the Caucasus] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Тифлисъ: Типографія Главнаго Управленія Намѣстника Кавказскаго; Типографія Меликова и К. pp. 41–52 (418–429 as PDF).
Дахкильгов, Ш. Э-Х. (1989). "По следам легенды" [In the footsteps of a legend]. Слово о родном крае: записки краеведа [A word about the native land: notes of a local historian] (in Russian). Грозный: Чечено-Ингушское книжное изд-во. ISBN9785766600237.
Дахкильгов, Ш. Э-Х. (1991). Зязиков, А. А. (ed.). Происхождение ингушских фамилий [Origin of Ingush surnames] (in Russian). Грозный: Книга. pp. 1–108.
Долгиева, М. Б.; Картоев, М. М.; Кодзоев, Н. Д.; Матиев, Т. Х. (2013). Кодзоев, Н. Д. (ed.). История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4nd ed.). Ростов-на-Дону: Южный издательский дом. pp. 1–600. ISBN978-5-98864-056-1.
Картоев, М. М. (2020). Ингушетия в политике Российской империи на Кавказе. XIX век. Сборник документов и материалов [Ingushetia in the policy of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus. 19th century. Collection of documents and materials]. История Ингушетии: открытый архив (in Russian) (2 ed.). Ростов-на-Дону: Южный издательский дом. pp. 1–760. ISBN978-5-98864-060-8.
Кодзоев, Н. Д.; Киева, З. Х. (2021). Накостхоев, Х. А.; Хайрова, Р. Р. (eds.). Ономастикон Ингушетии [Onomasticon of Ingushetia] (in Russian). Москва: ТПК «Центробланк». pp. 1–121. ISBN978-5-91303-022-1.
"Кавказский край" [Caucasian territory]. Военно-статистическое обозрение Российской империи: издаваемое по высочайшему повелению при 1-м отделении Департамента Генерального штаба [Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire: published by the highest command at the 1st branch of the Department of the General Staff] (in Russian). Vol. 16. Part 1. СПб.: Типография Департамента Генерального штаба. 1851. pp. 1–274.
Ковалевский, П. И. (1914). Народы Кавказа [Peoples of the Caucasus] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Типография М. И. Акинфиев. pp. 1–346.
Крупнов, Е. И. (1971). Средневековая Ингушетия [Medieval Ingushetia] (in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–211.
Мальсагов, З. К. (1963). Оздоева, Ф. (ed.). Грамматика ингушского языка [Grammar of the Ingush language] (in Ingush and Russian). Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Грозный: Чечено-Ингушское Книжное Издательство. pp. 1–164.
Мартиросиан, Г. К. (1928). Нагорная Ингушия [Upland Ingushiya] (in Russian). Владикавказ: Государственная типография Автономной Области Ингушии. pp. 1–153.
Мациев, А. Г.; Оздоев, И. А.; Джамалханов, З. Д. (1962). Саламов, А. А.; Зязиков, Б. Х. (eds.). Чеченско-ингушско-русский словарь [Chechen-Ingush-Russian dictionary] (in Ingush, Chechen, and Russian). Грозный: Чечено-Ингушское Книжное Издательство. pp. 1–212.
Пантюхов, И. И. (1901). Ингуши. Антропологический очерк [Ingush. An anthropological essay] (in Russian). Тифлис: Типография К. П. Козловского. Головинский пр.. д. № 12. pp. 1–35.
