Emperor Qinzong

Emperor Qinzong of Song
Emperor Qinzong of Song
Traditional Chinese	宋欽宗
Simplified Chinese	宋钦宗
Literal meaning	"Venerate Ancestor of the Song"
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Sòng Qīnzōng
Zhao Huan
Traditional Chinese	趙桓
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Zhào Huán
Marquis Chonghun
Chinese	重昏侯
Literal meaning	Doubly Muddle-headed Marquis
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Chónghūn Hóu

Era dates
	Jingkang (靖康; 1126-1127)
Regnal name
	Emperor Xiaoci Yuansheng (孝慈淵聖皇帝)
Posthumous name
	Emperor Gongwen Shunde Renxiao (恭文順德仁孝皇帝)
Temple name
	Qinzong (欽宗)

Emperor Qinzong of Song
宋欽宗
Emperor Qinzong of Song ; 宋欽宗
	Palace portrait on a hanging scroll, kept in the National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan
Emperor of the Song dynasty
Reign	19 January 1126 – 20 March 1127
Coronation	19 January 1126
Predecessor	Emperor Huizong
Successor	Emperor Gaozong
Born	Zhao Dan (趙亶, 1100–1103); Zhao Huan (趙桓, 1103–1116); 23 May 1100
Died	14 June 1161 (aged 61)
Burial	Yongxian Mausoleum (永獻陵, in present-day Gongyi, Henan)
Consorts	Empress Renhuai (m. 1116; died 1127)
Issue	Zhao Jin; Zhao Xun; Princess Roujia
Era dates
Era dates
	Jingkang (靖康; 1126-1127)
Regnal name
	Emperor Xiaoci Yuansheng (孝慈淵聖皇帝)
Posthumous name
	Emperor Gongwen Shunde Renxiao (恭文順德仁孝皇帝)
Temple name
	Qinzong (欽宗)
House	Zhao
Dynasty	Song (Northern Song)
Father	Emperor Huizong
Mother	Empress Xiangong
Signature

Emperor Qinzong of Song (23 May 1100 – 14 June 1161), personal name Zhao Huan, was the ninth emperor of the Song dynasty of China and the last emperor of the Northern Song dynasty.

Emperor Qinzong was the eldest son and heir apparent of Emperor Huizong. His mother was Emperor Huizong's empress consort, Empress Wang. In 1126, when the forces of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty invaded the Northern Song dynasty beginning the first siege of Bianjing. Frightened, Emperor Huizong intended to flee but was convinced by his officials to abdicate first and then flee.^[1] Huizong then abdicated and passed on his throne to Emperor Qinzong, and then assumed the title Taishang Huang ("Retired Emperor") himself and fled to the countryside. After the fall of Kaifeng that marked the end of the Northern Song and Qinzong and his father's subsequent capture by the Jin forces, they, along and his half-brother and their successor, Emperor Gaozong, were blamed for the Song dynasty's decline.

Reign

Left to deal with the Jin invasion by himself,^[2] Emperor Qinzong appointed the general Li Gang (李綱) to lead the Song military to fend off the invaders. However, Emperor Qinzong was not a decisive leader and often made poor judgments. Eventually, he removed Li Gang from his appointment in the hope of starting peace talks with the Jin Empire and sent his younger brother Zhao Gou to negotiate but he was captured and ransomed. This may contribute to Emperor Gaozong's decision to not rescue Qinzong. The first siege of Bianjing ended after Qinzong gave a city to the Jurchens and paid them annual tribute. Emperor Huizong returned after hearing that the siege was over.

Causes of the Second Siege of Bianjing

Despite this, almost as soon as the Jin armies had left Kaifeng, Emperor Qinzong reneged on the deal and dispatched two armies to repel the Jurchen troops attacking Taiyuan and bolster the defenses of Zhongshan and Hejian. An army of 90,000 soldiers and another of 60,000 were defeated by Jin forces by June. A second expedition to rescue Taiyuan was also unsuccessful.^[3] Emperor Qinzong rejected a proposal to reinforce the northern borders reasoning that they may never come back and sent his generals to other parts of the country. The Jin imperial court sent two ambassadors to Song. The two ambassadors were nobles from the former Liao dynasty. Emperor Qinzong misjudged the situation and believed that they could be used to turn against the Jin ruler, Emperor Taizong. Emperor Qinzong sent a coded letter which was sealed in candle wax, inviting them to join Song to form an Anti–Jin alliance but the ambassadors handed the letter to Emperor Taizong and in retaliation, accused Emperor Qinzong for violating the peace treaty and sent an even bigger army against the Song.

Capture

Since Qinzong mistakenly removed the army to post in different parts of the country, the Jin forces eventually breached the walls of the Song capital, Bianjing, in 1127 and occupied the city in an event historically known as the Jingkang Incident ("Jingkang" was the era name of Emperor Qinzong.) Emperor Qinzong, along with his father Emperor Huizong and the rest of their family, were taken prisoner by Jin forces, marking the end of the Northern Song. Qinzong's brother Zhao Gou managed to escape to southern China, where he reestablished the empire as the Southern Song dynasty and became historically known as Emperor Gaozong.

Life in the Jin Dynasty

Emperor Qinzong and his father were demoted to the status of commoners on 20 March 1127 and deported to Huining Prefecture, the Jin capital, on 13 May 1127. In 1128, the two former Song emperors were forced to wear mourning dresses and pay homage to the ancestors of the Jin Emperors at their ancestral temple in Huining Prefecture.^[4]^[5] Furthermore, the Jurchen ruler, Emperor Taizong, gave the two former Song emperors contemptuous titles to humiliate them: Emperor Qinzong was called "Marquis Chonghun" (重昏侯; literally "Doubly Muddle-headed Marquis") while Emperor Huizong was called "Duke Hunde" (昏德公; literally "Muddle-headed Duke").^[5]

In 1141, as the Jin Empire normalised relations with the (Southern) Song Empire, the Jurchens renamed Emperor Qinzong's title to the more neutral-sounding "Duke of Tianshui Commandery" (天水郡公), which is based on a commandery located in the upper reaches of the Wei River. A few months later, the former emperor started receiving a stipend due to his nobility status. He lived the rest of his life as a captive in the Jin Empire, which used him as a hostage to put pressure on the Song Empire.^[5]

In 1142, Emperor Gaozong signed the Treaty of Shaoxing which made peace with the Jin Dynasty. This destroyed Qinzong's chance of returning.

In 1156, in an act of humiliation, the Jin Emperor who at the time was the Prince of Hailing ordered him and the former Emperor Tianzuo of Liao to compete in a match of polo. Emperor Qinzong was weak and frail, thus quickly fell off the horse. Emperor Tianzuo himself despite being very old, was more familiar to horse riding, tried to escape but was shot to death by Jurchen archers.

Emperor Qinzong died as a sick and broken man in 1161 having spent two-thirds of his life in the Jin Dynasty.^[6] He was 61. His temple name means "Venerate Ancestor".

Family

Consorts and Issue:

Empress Renhuai, of the Zhu clan (仁懷皇后朱氏; 1102–1127)
- Zhao Chen, Crown Prince (皇太子趙諶; 1117–1128), first son
- Princess Roujia (柔嘉公主; b. 1121)
Virtuous Consort Shen, of the Zhu clan (慎德妃朱氏; 1110–1142)
- Zhao Jin (趙謹; b. 1127), second son
- A daughter (b. 1130)
Cairen, of the Zheng clan (才人鄭氏), personal name Qingyun (慶雲)
- Zhao Xun (趙訓; b. 1129), third son
Cairen, of Han clan (才人韓氏), personal name Jingguan (靜觀)
- A son (b. 1128)
Cairen, of the Di clan (才人狄氏; b. 1114), personal name Yuhui (玉輝)
- A daughter (b. 1129)

Ancestry

Emperor Yingzong of Song (1032–1067)

Emperor Shenzong of Song (1048–1085)

Empress Xuanren (1032–1093)

Emperor Huizong of Song (1082–1135)

Chen Shougui

Empress Qinci (1058–1089)

Emperor Qinzong of Song (1100–1156)

Wang Kexun

Wang Zao

Empress Xiangong (1084–1108)

References

^ Levine 2009, p. 636.
^ Mote 1999, p. 196.
^ Lorge 2005, p. 53.
^ Tao 1976, p. 32.
^ ^a ^b ^c Franke & Twitchett 1994, pp. 233–234.
^ Mote 1999, p. 291.

Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis (1994). Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John K. Fairbank (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5.
Levine, Ari Daniel (2009). "The Reigns of Hui-tsung (1100–1126) and Ch'in-tsung (1126–1127) and the Fall of the Northern Sung". In Paul Jakov Smith; Denis C. Twitchett (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5, The Sung dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279. Cambridge University Press. pp. 556–643. ISBN 978-0-521-81248-1.
Lorge, Peter (2005). War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-96929-8.
Mote, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China: 900–1800. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-44515-5. (hardcover); ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7
Tao, Jing-Shen (1976). The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China: A Study of Sinicization. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295955148.

Regnal titles
Emperor Qinzong House of Zhao Born: May 23 1100 Died: June 14 1161
Preceded by Emperor Huizong	Emperor of the Song Dynasty 1126–1127	Succeeded by Emperor Gaozong