In December 1961, INS Vikrant participated in Operation Vijay, the liberation of Goa from Portugal. Its role was primarily to deter foreign naval intervention during the 40-hour-long military action.[18]
INS Vikrant played a major role in the successful naval blockade of East Pakistan.[19] Stationed off the Andaman & Nicobar Islands escorted by the Leopard-class frigateINS Brahmaputra, as well as INS Beas, Vikrant redeployed towards Chittagong at the outbreak of hostilities.[20] The morning of 4 December 1971, the eight Sea Hawk aircraft on Vikrant launched an air raid on Cox's Bazar from 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) away. That evening, the air group struck Chittagong harbour. Other strikes targeted Khulna and Mongla. A PTI message is supposed to have read, "Chittagong harbour ablaze as ships and aircraft of the (Pakistan) Eastern Naval Fleet bombed and rocketed. Not a single vessel can be put to sea from Chittagong". Air strikes staged from Vikrant continued till 10 December 1971.
Given naval intelligence that indicated the intent of the Pakistan Navy to break through the Indian Naval blockade using camouflaged merchant ships, Vikrant's Sea Hawks struck shipping in the Chittagong and Cox's Bazar harbours, sinking or incapacitating most merchant ships there.
The Hughes 269 helicopter was previously in service for training.[21]
The BAE Sea Harrier inducted in the 1980s operated from INS Viraat.[22] Until 6 March 2016,[23][24][25] the BAE Sea Harrier FRS Mk.51 / T Mk.60 flew with the INAS 300 and INAS 552 squadrons of the Indian Navy. The Sea Harriers are armed with the Matra Magic-II AAM and the Sea Eagle Anti-ship missiles. The aircraft were upgraded with the EltaEL/M-2032 radar and the Rafael Derby BVRAAM missiles.[26]
Year 1988 saw the induction of Tupolev 142M into service. The aircraft started operations from Dabolim in Goa and later shifted its operations to INS Rajali in 1992. Tu-142M was primarily used in the long-range maritime reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare role. The aircraft served the navy till 2018 and participated in the Indian Peace Keeping Mission in Sri Lanka. Also participated in Operation Cactus in Maldives, in which the fleeing mercenaries were detected and tracked until apprehended by ships.[27]
On 11 May 2013, first squadron of MiG-29K was commissioned.[28] These aircraft were commissioned as a replacement of the ageing Sea Harrier.[29] after 46 years of service the Il-38 patrol aircraft was retired from the force on 31 October 2023. More P-8I aircraft are planned to replace them.[30]
As reported by MiG Bureau, the Indian Navy's association with the MiG-29K began in Apr 2002 when a team led by Commander Gupta reached Moscow to evaluate the MiG-29K prototype for possible induction into the Indian Navy.[31][32] The Team evaluated the aircraft on ground as well as in the air (the flight evaluation was conducted by a Navy Test Pilot Commander Ahuja). Some other aircraft were also evaluated but the MiG-29K was chosen. On 20 January 2004, the Indian Navy signed a contract for 12 single-seat MiG-29K and 4 two-seat MiG-29KUB. The first MIG-29K for the Indian Navy took flight on 22 January 2007. The MIG-29 KUB (two-seat trainer) is similar to the MIG-29K but with reduced operational range. The aircraft will be fielded on the aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya.[33]
The first squadron, INAS 303, the "Black Panthers",[34] was commissioned on 11 May 2013.[28] On 11 July 2016, second squadron, INAS 300, was commissioned.[29] The delivery of the aircraft to the Indian Navy started in 2009.
The fighter plane is different from the MiG-29 flown by Indian Air Force. The aircraft has been modified for aircraft carrier operation by hardening the undercarriage. It also has much better 'over-the-nose' vision to make it easy to land aboard a carrier at a high angle of attack. Modifications made for Indian Navy requirement featured Zhuk-ME radar, RD-33MK engine, combat payload up to 5,500 kg (12,100 lb), 13 hardpoints (inclusive of the multi-lock bomb carriers), additional fuel tanks situated in dorsal spine fairing and wing LERXs, increased total fuel capacity by 50% comparing to first variant of MiG-29 and an updated 4-channel digital fly-by-wire flight control system. With special coatings, the MiG-29K radar reflecting surface is 4–5 times smaller than of basic MiG-29. Cockpit displays consist of wide HUDs, 3 colour LCD MFDs (7 on the MiG-29KUB), a French Sigma-95 satellite GPS module and Topsight E helmet-mounted targeting system compatible with the full range of weapons carried by the MiG-29M and MiG-29SMT.[35]
New Delhi and Boeing signed a $2.1 billion contract in January 2009 to deliver eight P-8Is for anti-submarine operations, to replace the ageing fleet of Russian-manufactured Tupolev Tu142M planes. The P-8I varies from the P-8A, wherein it has a Magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) and an aft-mounted radar that provides it with 360-degree aerial radar surveillance capability.[36] It features communication and other devices on-board that have been indigenously developed by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).[37] The first squadron, INAS 312, was formed with eight aircraft in November 2015.[36] A follow-on order worth over $1 billion for the purchase of four additional P-8Is was signed in July 2016.[38] The Indian Navy decommissioned the Tupolev Tu-142M aircraft in March 2017.[39] With Boeing delivering the 12th and the final P-8I in February 2022,[40] the second squadron, INAS 316, with four aircraft was formed in March 2022.[41]
Indian Navy operates 27[42]Dornier 228 and in process to induct 8 more state-of-the-art Dornier for anti-submarine warfare and maritime patrol from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. These aircraft are equipped with advanced sensors, glass cockpit, advanced surveillance radar, ELINT, optical sensors and networking features. Currently 4 of Dornier 228 NG aircraft in service in INAS 314.[43]
HAL Dhruv MKIII operated by Indian Navy's INAS 323 Harriers squadron.
HAL Dhruv; developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, the Navy received its first Dhruvs on 28 March 2002.[44][45] It is expected to receive a total of 120 units to replace the Chetak helicopters in service. The naval variant is fitted with the Super Vision-2000 maritime radar, capable of detecting targets with low radar cross-section at a range of 200 km (120 mi). The anti-submarine version of the helicopter is fitted with dunking sonar, torpedoes, depth charges. The helicopter may also be fitted with the missiles for anti-ship roles. However, in 2008, the Indian Navy pronounced Dhruv unsuitable for its role as an ASW platform. Indian Navy will continue to procure Dhruv as a multi-role utility platform. During the commissioning ceremony Vice Admiral Sinha said that "In the Navy, Dhruv helicopters have transformed into an advanced search and rescue (SAR) helicopter also used for missions like heliborne operations, and armed patrol with night vision devices. Such machines in the inventory have become imperative for the Navy given the scenario of low-intensity maritime operations (LIMO) and coastal security construct."[46] In 2013 Indian Navy showed keen interest in the armed version of the HAL Rudra. Impressed with the Dhruv's sensors which were able to track ships and also read their names at ranges of 12 to 14 km (7.5 to 8.7 mi). The Navy may induct 20 more helicopters into service.[47] A new squadron INAS 323 Harriers was commissioned with HAL Dhruv MKIII variant. Navy placed order for 16 MKIII helicopters and 6 of them are delivered with the remaining 10 to be delivered by Dec 2021. Naval variant of MKIII comes with 19 specific systems suited for maritime role.[48]
Kamov Ka-25, Kamov Ka-28, and the Kamov Ka-31: The Ka-25 was acquired by the Indian Navy in 1980 for anti-submarine warfare, but had severe technological limitations. The Ka-28s were acquired in the mid-80s and were said to be a quantum leap over their predecessors from an ASW standpoint. The Ka-31[49] takes the Kamov capabilities even further by enabling real-time network-centric warfare for the Indian Navy.
Westland Sea King and the Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King: Used principally for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and search & rescue roles,[50] the helicopter fleet operate from INS Garuda (Kochi) as well as INS Shikra air stations. US sanctions on India in response to India's nuclear tests resulted in a large part of the Sea King fleet being grounded for want of spare parts. Seventeen of the Sea King helicopters will be upgraded. The upgrade will feature day and night capability, the capability to work in adverse weather conditions, integration of two anti-ship missiles with a range of fifty kilometers and a new radar.[51]
Aérospatiale SA 316 Alouette III: Also known as the Chetak, these choppers have seen active service in the Navy as well as the Coast Guard. They are carried on several combatants as well as non-combatant ships. They are also operated from and maintained at the INS Shikra and INS UtkroshNaval Air Stations in Mumbai and Port Blair respectively.
Sikorsky MH-60R Seahawk: The Indian Government signed a $2.4 billion contract in February 2020 for 24 MH-60R helicopters to replace its fleet of Sea King helicopters.[52] The Seahawks will be Indian Navy's primary helicopter for a host of roles including anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASuW) and airborne early warning and control (AEW&C). The communication equipment like satellite communication and Identification, friend or foe (IFF) equipment for helicopters in this order have been indigenously developed.[53][54] Deliveries commenced in July 2021 when the first 2 helicopters were handed to the Indian Navy.[52] The helicopter was integrated with INS Vikrant in May 2023 with its maiden landing on the aircraft carrier.[55] The first squadron, INAS 334, was formed with six helicopters in March 2024, at Kochi. All remaining helicopters to be delivered by 2025.[53]
UAVs
The Indian Navy operates at least two squadrons of Heron and Searcher Mk-II UAVs, based in Kochi (INAS 342) and Porbandar (INAS 343).[56][57] There are plans to have at least two more squadrons of UAVs.[58] UAVs are controlled from ships to increases the range of surveillance. There are plans to introduce rotary UAVs into the Indian Navy.[59] These UAVs will have higher endurance and load carrying capability resulting in better reconnaissance capabilities.[60] Indian Navy operates 2 leased MQ-9 Reaper for maritime surveillance in the Indian Ocean region.[61]
Training
Fighter: As of 2024, INAS 551 is a pure shore-based fighter training squadron at INS Dega. Fighter pilots initially join this squadron for Naval Orientation Flying before being selected for undergoing conversion training for Mikoyan MiG-29Ks at INAS 300. Later the pilots are qualified for operational service with MiG-29Ks with INAS 303.[62]
Fixed-wing: INAS 550 provides Dornier Operational Flying Training to fixed wing pilots at INS Garuda. The pilots are then further posted to operational squadrons equipped with Short Range Maritime Reconnaissance (SRMR) aircraft Dornier 228 (INAS 310, 311, 313, 314, 318) or Long Range Maritime Reconnaissance (LRMR) aircraft Boeing P-8I Neptune (INAS 312, 316).[62] The squadron shall also impart training to pilots of Medium Range Maritime Reconnaissance (MRMR) aircraft EADS CASA C-295 planned to be inducted in future.[63][64]
The acquisition is a part of the Multi-Role Carrier Borne Fighters programme to acquire 57 fighter jets.
The Dassault Rafale-M was chosen over the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. Number was revised from 57 to 36 in mid-2020[74] and later to 26 by 2021-end. The deal shall be signed through the G2G process.[75] The Rafale-M was selected for procurement in 2023.[76] The Indian Navy aims to finalise the procurement of the Rafale-M by 2024-end.[77]
The Indian Navy issued an RFP for six medium-range maritime reconnaissance (MRMR) aircraft. The possible contenders were the ATR-72MP/ATR-42MP, the EADS C-295MPA/C-235MPA, the Dassault's Falcon 900MPA and the Embraer P-99A. The procurement number has been enhanced to 9 as per news reports in February 2012.[87]
The C-295 was eventually chosen. They will be equipped with advanced sensors, glass cockpit, advanced surveillance radar, ELINT, optical sensors and networking features.[88]Ministry of Defence has given clearance for procurement on 16 February 2024.[89][90]
Indian Navy intends to acquire 12 US-2 amphibian aircraft for conducting long-range search-and-rescue operations at cost of $1.65 billion. Two US-2 will be directly imported and remaining 10 will be assembled locally in India.[93] In April 2018, Mahindra Defence signed an MoU with ShinMaywa Industries Ltd. to manufacture and assemble the aircraft, and set up MRO facility in India.[94][95]
The helicopters will replace the ageing Sea King helicopters.
They are equipped with Mark 54 torpedoes and Hellfire air-to-surface missiles, along with precision-kill rockets. India signed a ₹15,157 crore (equivalent to ₹180 billion or US$2.1 billion in 2023) contract for the MH-60Rs in February 2020.[97]
Flag Officer Naval Aviation (FONA) controls training, maintenance and other functions of naval aviation. Aircraft yards at Kochi, Kerala and Dabolim, Goa are responsible for maintaining the fleet's air arm. An exclusive base, INS Shikra for helicopters was commissioned in Mumbai.[102]
To protect and preserve India's growing trade with Southeast Asia and offer a defence against increasing Chinese naval presence in the Bay of Bengal, a new naval base is being built near Visakhapatnam.[103] It is expected to be capable of harbouring two aircraft carriers, including the planned new Vikrant-class aircraft carrier. There are two more naval air stations, INS Rajali and INS Parundu in Tamil Nadu.
Southern Command has at least one airfield, INS Garuda, in Kochi, Kerala.[104]The Hindu reported on 2 February 2009 that a new airbase will be set up in Muscat, Oman to tackle piracy in the Gulf of Aden.[105] Three years later in 2012 it is not clear whether any action has been taken on this proposal.
The southernmost naval air station, INS Baaz was formally opened on 31 July 2012 by the Chief of the Indian Navy at Cambell Bay in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. With the commissioning of this station, the country acquired increased capability to keep vigil on the vital maritime channel of the Straits of Malacca.[106]
^Pillarisetti, Jagan (10 October 2006). "Fairey Firefly [INS112]". Warbirds of India. Archived from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
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