John Alexander Matheson (28 April 1901 – 5 July 1950) was a Roman Catholic clergyman who served as the Bishop of Aberdeen from 1947 to 1950.^[1]

Born in Tomintoul, Moray on 28 April 1901, he was educated at Blairs College and studied at the Scots College, Rome.^[2] He was ordained a priest on 7 March 1925 in Rome and was curate in St Mary's Cathedral, Aberdeen 1925–28.^[2] He was parish priest of Sacred Heart, Aberdeen 1928–30; St Nathalan's, Ballater 1930–43 and St Mary's, Dufftown 1943–47.^[2]

He was appointed the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Aberdeen by the Holy See on 2 August 1947, and consecrated to the Episcopate on 24 September 1947. The principal consecrator was Archbishop Andrew Thomas McDonald, and the principal co-consecrators were Bishop Kenneth Grant and Bishop (later Archbishop) James Donald Scanlan.^[1]

He died in office on 5 July 1950, aged 49,^[1] and was succeeded as Bishop of Aberdeen by Francis Walsh, with whom he had attended Fordyce Academy in their youth.^[3]