The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Stanier Class 5 4-6-0, commonly known as the Black Five, is a class of 4-6-0steam locomotives. It was introduced by William Stanier and built between 1934 and 1951. A total of 842 were built, initially numbered 4658-5499 then renumbered 44658-45499 by BR. Several members of the class survived to the last day of steam on British Railways in 1968, and eighteen are preserved.
Origins
The Black Five was a mixed-traffic locomotive, a "do-anything go-anywhere" type, designed by Stanier, who had previously been with the GWR. In his early LMS days, he designed his Stanier Mogul2-6-0, experimenting with the GWR school of thought on locomotive design. A number of details in this design he would never use again, realising the superiority of details not used on the GWR. Stanier realised that there was a need for larger locomotives. These were to be the LMS version of the GWR Halls, but they were not copies, as the Hall was too wide to run in most places in Britain. They shared a similar cylinder arrangement (two outside), internal boiler design and size and 6 foot driving wheel diameters.[1]
In their early days the locomotives were known as the "Black Staniers" from their black livery, in contrast to Stanier's other class of 4-6-0, the LMS Jubilee Class, which were painted crimson (and known until April 1935 as the "Red Staniers").[2][3] Later on, the nickname of the former became "Black Five", the number referring to the power classification. This was originally 5P5F, but from 1940 was shown on cabsides as the simple figure 5. Eight hundred and forty-two were constructed.[4] The locomotives were an instant success and were well-liked by their crews for their versatility.[5][6] One of them was recorded to have reached a speed of 96 mph in service.[7][8][9]
Construction
There were a number of detail variations in the locomotives and they did not all remain in the same condition as built. Some locomotives built under British Railways administration were used as test beds for various design modifications, with a view to incorporating the successful modifications in the Standard Classes of locomotives built from 1951 onwards. These modifications included outside Caprotti valve gear, roller bearings (both Timken and Skefco types) on the coupled and tender axles in varying combinations, and an experimental steel firebox. Other locomotives had modified draughting to "self clean" the smokebox (thereby reducing turn-around and disposal times and eliminating or mitigating one of the most unpopular jobs).[10]
The domeless engines
45073 at Rose Grove shed, spring 1968. Although it has a domeless boiler, the casing over the top feed is often mistaken for a dome
Numbering started from 5000, with the first twenty being ordered from Crewe Works in April 1934, and a further fifty (5020–5069) ordered from the Vulcan Foundry in 1933.[11] The first of the Vulcan Foundry engines entered service in 1934, and the entire order of 50 was delivered before the first Crewe-built engine, No. 5000, was completed in February 1935.[12] The first 57 locomotives were built with domeless boilers with straight throatplates and a low degree of superheat (14 elements in two rows), the boilers of the remaining 13 (5007–5019) were provided with a three-row version (21 elements)[13] having greater total surface area and giving less obstruction to gas flow.[12] The original 57 boilers were converted later to higher superheat (24 elements) and fitted with a dome. Further orders were placed with Crewe (5070–5074), Vulcan Foundry (5075–5124) and Armstrong Whitworth (5125–5224) for a total of 155 locomotives which were also built with domeless boilers with straight throatplates and 21 element superheaters. All these boilers, including the early converted ones with a dome, were fitted indiscriminately to any of the first 225 engines, which could appear at various times with domed or domeless boilers.
However, many of the early frames were converted to accept sloping throatplate boilers, as listed below. This modification was carried out to provide a stock of spare boilers for the early engines, which would minimise the time spent in works by engines awaiting a fresh boiler. All locomotives from no. 5225 were fitted when new with the sloping throatplate boiler. All extra boilers made had the sloping throatplate arrangement, and only one example of a later engine having been fitted with a straight throatplate boiler is known - no. 45433. Several different patterns of boiler were used on the locomotives, running into double figures. The throatplate design was the most significant, but there were also different numbers of superheater flues, firegrate arrangement, stay material, dome and water feed arrangements, washout plug placement, etc. in various combinations.
The following locomotives were built with straight throatplate boilers, but were later fitted with a sloping throatplate boiler (date in brackets). Conversion was done by relocating the frame stretcher immediately in front of the firebox. Some of them reverted to straight throatplate at a later date, and these are also shown where known. Those marked with an asterisk were fitted with a boiler which had the top feed on the front ring on the date shown. In the case of no. 45087 it had previously been converted. The first conversion was carried out on no. 5022, and the last known was on no. 45163, which has been preserved.
A further 227 were ordered from Armstrong-Whitworth in 1936, the largest single locomotive order ever given by a British railway to an outside contractor. Crewe built a further 20, which had higher degree superheat boilers, with 28 elements, unlike the AW boilers, which had 24 elements.
5471, built at Crewe in 1938, would be the last built for five years. During the early stages of the Second World War, the priority was for heavy freight engines, and the closely related 8Fs were produced in large numbers.
Wartime and postwar domed engines
In 1943 construction was restarted, with Derby Works building its first. Construction continued up to no. 5499. As the numbering block from 5500 was allocated to the Patriot Class, a further batch of 200 locomotives were numbered from 4800 to 4999, followed by a batch from 4658 to 4799. By this time the LMS had been nationalised, and British Railways added 40000 to all numbers. Eventually the 842 examples would number 44658–45499.
Ivatt engines and experimental modifications
From early 1947, engines were built with the top feed on the front ring of the boiler (from No. 4998), and Nos 44758-767 had a longer wheelbase (27 ft 6 in (8.38 m) rather than 27 ft 2 in (8.28 m), with the coupled wheelbase extended from 7 + 8 ft (2.1 + 2.4 m) to 7 + 8.25 ft (2.13 + 2.51 m)); this was done to accommodate the Timken roller-bearing housings without fouling the ashpan.[14] In 1948, George Ivatt introduced more modifications to bearings and valve gear; other experimental Ivatt features included the use of steel rather than copper fireboxes on certain engines, and the fitting of double blastpipes and chimneys in some instances. 44738-57 were built with Caprotti valve gear. The last two, Nos. 44686 and 44687 built at Horwich in 1951, were fitted with a new arrangement of Caprotti valve gear, which was later used on some of the BR standard Class fives, and the BR class 8 4-6-2.
No. 4767, built at Crewe and delivered in December 1947, had outside Stephenson valve gear: instead of eccentrics, double return cranks were used to drive the eccentric rods, and a launch-type expansion link was used. This one cost £13,278, which was about £600 more than those built at the same time with Walschaerts' valve gear. The aim of the experiment was to find out if a valve gear having variable lead (as opposed to the constant lead of the Walschaerts' motion) would affect performance. On trial, it proved to have no advantage, although in normal service it did gain a reputation as a good performer on banks.[15][16][17][18][19]
Accidents and incidents
On 13 October 1939, No. 5025 was hauling an express passenger train from Euston to Stranraer (pilot to locomotive 6130 The West Yorkshire Regiment, an LMS Royal Scot Class4-6-0) when it was in collision with locomotive LNWR Class G10-8-0 9169, which was attaching a van to the rear of an Inverness train at Bletchley, Buckinghamshire, severely damaging it. Five people were killed and more than 30 were injured.[20] No. 5025 was repaired and survives at the Strathspey Railway.
In 1941, locomotive No. 5425 was severely damaged in a Luftwaffe air raid. It was subsequently repaired at Crewe Works.[21]
On 23 January 1955, locomotive No. 45274 was hauling an express passenger train that was derailed due to excessive speed on a curve, in the Sutton Coldfield rail crash. Nineteen people were killed and 64 were injured.[23]
On 16 January 1958, a locomotive of the class was hauling a passenger train that collided with a light engine that was standing foul of the line at Preston due to a signalman's error. Both trains were derailed; thirteen people were injured.[24]
On 4 February 2006, locomotive 45305 Alderman A. E. Draper collided with a rake of six carriages at Loughborough Central, damaging the locomotive and one of the carriages. Two people were injured. An investigation by the Rail Accident Investigation Branch (RAIB) found that the driver was not wearing spectacles at the time of the accident, despite it being a requirement on his medical certificate to do so when driving.[25]
A named LMS Black 5 No. 45154 Lanarkshire Yeomanry in 1960.
Only five Black Fives received names during their mainline working lives, a small percentage of the total produced,[27] although seven more have been named in preservation (see below). All of those named in mainline service were named after Scottish regiments. Locomotive 5155 carried the name The Queen's Edinburgh for only two years during the Second World War. Some sources have noted that no photographic confirmation of this naming is extant,[28] although this is neither unique to the class, nor unexpected given restrictions on photography during wartime. The evidence for the naming of the locomotive is set out in full in various sources.[29]
The class remained intact until 1961 when 45401 was the first Black Five to be withdrawn from stock following a collision at Warrington, although the boiler was re-used and actually lasted to the end of steam on BR. The remainder of the class were withdrawn between 1962 and 1968. Some members of the class, 46 in total, survived to the last day of steam on BR in August 1968.[31] No. 45318, a Lostock Hall based engine, hauled the last scheduled train on 3 August 1968; a Preston to Liverpool exchange. The locomotive was withdrawn a few days later and then scrapped the following year at Drapers.[32]
Eighteen Black Fives have been preserved, with twelve of them being purchased directly from BR for preservation (these being 44767, 44806, 44871, 44932, 45000, 45025, 45110, 45212, 45231, 45305, 45407 & 45428), the remaining six being rescued from Woodham Brothers' Barry Scrapyard (these being 44901, 45163, 45293, 45337, 45379 & 45491). Members of each of the builder's batches have survived into preservation: seven LMS-built engines and eleven by outside contractors. Of the eighteen to be preserved, fourteen have operated in preservation, the class members that have not yet run being 44901, 45163, 45293 & 45491. Twelve Black Fives have been operated on the main line in preservation: 44767, 44871, 44932, 45000, 45025, 45110, 45212, 45231, 45305, 45337, 45407 & 45428.
As of November 2024, there are seven Black Fives in traffic, five of which have valid main line certificates. 44871, 44932, 45212 & 45407 have full main line certificates for use over the national network, while 45428 is certified for main line use only between Grosmont and Whitby only. both 45025 and 44086 are only able to operate on preserved lines although the latter is currently awaiting more work to its AWS and GSM-R equipment so it can run to Whitby. 44767 & 45337 are in the process of undergoing overhauls, 45231 boiler certificate expired in January 2024[citation needed] while four, 44901, 45163, 45293 and 45491, are undergoing restorations from Barry Scrapyard condition.
Note: Some locos may usually have a nameplate but marked names indicate that the loco is not presently wearing them. Loco numbers in bold indicate their current number.
Only surviving example having a boiler with top feed on the front ring in conjunction with Walschaerts valve gear.
21 Years, 7 Months
^ In all cases names are historically inaccurate, i.e. they have all been applied since preservation. Some engines might still have their names but where marked indicates that they currently do not carry them. Either for authenticity or other reasons like the engine is running in another identity.
^44767 carries a plaque on the splasher beneath the nameplate that reads 'This locomotive was named by the Rt. Hon. William Whitelaw, C.H., M.C., M.P. at Shildon on 25 August 1975, to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Stockton and Darlington Railway.'
^44806 was named after the TV series "Magpie" in 1973, it continued to wear this name during the time it was based at the Lakeside and Haverthwaite Railway and when it relocated to the Llangollen Railway until it was withdrawn for overhaul in 2003. After emerging from its last overhaul in 2007 it ran without the nameplates but was later named after its former owner "Kenneth Aldcroft". It is now based at the North Yorkshire Moors Railway and has since had its nameplates removed.
^Clay, John F. (1972). The Stanier Black Fives. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. ISBN0711002746.
^Jennings, Toby (21 April 2017). "96mph WITH A 'BLACK FIVE'?". PressReader. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^See, for example, David Hunt, Bob Essery and Fred James with David Jennison and David Clarke, LMS Locomotive Profiles (three volumes, with pictorial supplements).[full citation needed]
^"44781: The Lost Treasure". Steam Railway UK. 15 November 2019. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022 – via PressReader.
David Hunt, Bob Essery and Fred James with David Jennison and David Clarke LMS Locomotive Profiles (three volumes, three pictorial supplements):
No. 5 The mixed traffic class 5s. Part 1. Nos. 5000–5224. (+ pictorial supplement)
No. 6 The mixed traffic class 5s. Part 2. Walschaerts and Stephenson valve gear engines from the 5225–5499 and 4658–4999 series. (+ pictorial supplement)
No. 7 Mixed traffic class 5s: Caprotti valve gear engines and class summary (+ pictorial supplement)
J.S. Whiteley, Gavin Morrison The Power of the Black Fives
Earnshaw, Alan (1993). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 8. Penryn: Atlantic Books. ISBN0-906899-52-4.
Gerard, Malcolm; Hamilton, J. A. B. (1981) [1967]. Trains to Nowhere. London: George Allen & Unwin. ISBN0-04-385084-7.
Haresnape, Brian (1970). Stanier Locomotives. Ian Allan. ISBN0-711010-9-86.
Hunt, David; James, Fred; Essery, R.J.; Jennison, John; Clarke, David (2004). LMS Locomotive Profiles, no. 6 - The Mixed Traffic Class 5s - Nos. 5225-5499 and 4658-4999. Didcot: Wild Swan. ISBN1-874103-93-3.
Jennison, John (2015). A detailed history of The Stanier Class Five 4-6-0s Volume 2 - on 45472-45499, 44658-44999. Locomotives of the LMS. Maidenhead: RCTS. ISBN978-0-901115-99-7.
Jennison, John; Clarke, David; Hunt, David; James, Fred; Essery, R.J. (2004). Pictorial Supplement to LMS Locomotive Profile no. 6 - The Mixed Traffic Class 5s - part 2, nos. 5225-5499 and 4658-4999. Didcot: Wild Swan. ISBN1-874103-98-4.
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