List of supernovae
SN 1054 remnant (Crab Nebula )
A supernova is an event in which a star destroys itself in an explosion which can briefly become as luminous as an entire galaxy . This list of supernovae of historical significance includes events that were observed prior to the development of photography, and individual events that have been the subject of a scientific paper that contributed to supernova theory.
List of supernovae
In most entries, the year when the supernova was seen is part of the designation (1st column).
Supernova designation (year)
Constellation
Apparent magnitude
Distance (light years)
Type
Galaxy
Comments
SN 185
Centaurus
−4 (?)[ 1]
9,100[ 2]
Ia (?)
Milky Way
Surviving description sketchy; modern estimates of maximum apparent magnitude vary from +4 to −8. The remnant is probably RCW 86, some 8200 ly distant,[ 3] making it comparable to SN 1572 . Some researchers have suggested it was a comet, not a supernova.[ 4] [ 5]
SN 386
Sagittarius
+1.5
14,700
II
Milky Way
"suggested SN",[ 6] candidate remnant could be G11.2-0.3.[ 7] [ 8] There are three suggestions and doubtful if SN at all or classical nova or something else.[ 9]
SN 393
Scorpius
–0
3,400
II/Ib
Milky Way
"possible SN",[ 6] could also be classical nova or something else[ 9]
SN 1006
Lupus
–7.5[ 10]
7,200
Ia
Milky Way
Widely observed on Earth; in apparent magnitude, the brightest stellar event in recorded history.[ 11]
SN 1054
Taurus
–6[ 12]
6,500
II
Milky Way
Remnant is the Crab Nebula with its pulsar (neutron star)
SN 1181
Cassiopeia
0
7,100
sub-luminous Type Iax supernova
Milky Way
Remnant is Pa 30 with its hot stellar remnant[ 13]
SN 1572
Cassiopeia
–4.0
8,000
Ia
Milky Way
Tycho 's Nova
Kepler's Supernova
Ophiuchus
–3
14,000
Ia
Milky Way
Kepler 's Star; most recent readily visible supernova within the Milky Way
Cas A , c. 1680
Cassiopeia
+5
9,000
IIb
Milky Way
Apparently never visually conspicuous, due to interstellar dust; but the remnant, Cas A , is the brightest extrasolar radio source in the sky
G1.9+0.3 , cal. 1868
Sagittarius
(visible light masked by dust)
25,000
Ia
Milky Way
Located near the Galactic Center ; "Posthumously" discovered in 1985; age determined in 2008
SN 1885A
Andromeda
+5.85[ 14]
2,500,000
Ipec
Andromeda Galaxy
First observation of an extragalactic supernova
SN 1895B
Centaurus
+8.0[ 15]
10,900,000
Ia
NGC 5253
SN 1937C
Canes Venatici
+8.4[ 15]
13,000,000
Ia
IC 4182
SN 1939C
Cepheus
+13
25,200,000
I
Fireworks Galaxy
SN 1940B
Coma Berenices
+12.8
38,000,000
II-P
NGC 4725
SN 1961V
Perseus
+12.5
30,000,000
II?
NGC 1058
Potential supernova impostor [ 16]
SN 1972E
Centaurus
+8.7[ 17]
10,900,000
Ia
NGC 5253
Followed for more than a year; became the prototypical Type Ia supernova
SN 1983N
Hydra
+11.8
15,000,000
Ib
Messier 83
First observation of a Type Ib supernova
SN 1986J
Andromeda
+18.4
30,000,000
IIn
NGC 891
Bright in the radio frequency range
SN 1987A
Dorado
+2.9
160,000
IIpec
Large Magellanic Cloud
Intense radiation reached Earth on February 23, 1987, 7:35:35 UT . Notable for archival photos of progenitor star and detection of supernova neutrinos . Most recent Local Group supernova
SN 1993J
Ursa Major
+10.7[ 18]
11,000,000
IIb
M81
One of the brightest supernovae in the northern sky since 1954
SN 1994D
Virgo
+15.2
50,000,000
Ia
NGC 4526
SN 1998bw
Telescopium
?
140,000,000
Ic
ESO 184-G82
Linked to GRB 980425 , which was the first time a gamma-ray burst has been linked to a supernova.
SN 1999eh
Lynx
+18.3 +/- 0.3
84,000,000
I
NGC 2770
First supernovae in this galaxy, where 3 more were detected later.
SN 2002bj
Lupus
+14.7
160,000,000
IIn
NGC 1821
AM Canum Venaticorum -type outburst.[ 19]
SN 2002dd
Ursa Major
+24.0
8,000,000,000
Ia
anonymous galaxy
Furthest supernova observed through Hubble Deep Field .[ 20]
SN 2003fg
Boötes
4,000,000,000
Ia
anonymous galaxy
Also known as the "Champagne supernova"
SN 2004dj
Camelopardalis
8,000,000
II-P
NGC 2403
NGC 2403 is an outlying member of the M81 Group
SN 2005ap
Coma Berenices
4,700,000,000
II
?
Announced in 2007 to be the brightest supernova up to that point.
SN 2005gj
Cetus
865,000,000
Ia/II-n
?
Notable for having characteristics of both Type Ia and Type IIn.
SN 2005gl
Pisces
+16.5
200,000,000
II-n
NGC 266
Star could be found on old pictures.[ 21]
SN 2006gy
Perseus
+15
240,000,000
IIn (*)
NGC 1260
Observed by NASA, * with a peak of over 70 days, possibly a new type.
SN 2007bi
Virgo
+18.3
Ia
anonymous dwarf galaxy
Extremely bright and long-lasting, the first good observational match for the pair-instability supernova model postulated for stars of initial mass greater than 140 solar masses (even better than SN 2006gy). The precursor is estimated at 200 solar masses, similar to the first stars of the early universe.[ 22]
SN 2007uy
Lynx
+16.8
84,000,000
Ibc
NGC 2770
Got overshadowed by SN 2008D.
SN 2008D
Lynx
88,000,000
Ibc
NGC 2770
First supernova to be observed while it exploded.
MENeaC Abell399.3.14.0
Aries
+28.7
1,000,000,000 (z=0.0613)
Ia
anonymous red globular cluster associated with anonymous red elliptical galaxy in cluster Abell 399
Observed in 2009. Supernova associated with a globular cluster [ 23] [ 24]
SN 2009ip
Piscis Austrinus
66,000,000
IIn
NGC 7259
In 2009 classified as supernova. Redesignated as Luminous blue variable (LBV) Supernova impostor .[ 25] In September 2012 classified as a young type IIn supernova.[ 26]
SN 2010lt
Camelopardalis
+17.0
240,000,000
Ia (sub-luminous)
UGC 3378
Discovered by 10-year-old girl , the youngest person to discover a supernova.
SN 2011fe
Ursa Major
+10.0
21,000,000
Ia
M101
One of the very few extragalactic supernovae visible in 50mm binoculars.
SN 2014J
Ursa Major
+10.5
11,500,000
Ia
M82
Closest supernova since SN 2004dj in NGC 2403 .
ASASSN-15ga
Virgo
1,000,000,000
Ia
NGC 4866
[ 27]
ASASSN-15lh SN 2015L
Indus
+16.9
3,800,000,000
Ic
APMUKS(BJ) B215839.70−615403.9
Most luminous hypernova ever observed.
IPTF14hls
Ursa Major
+17.7
509,000,000
unknown
SDSS J092034.44+504148.7 (possible dwarf galaxy)
Unusual supernova
SN 2016aps
Draco
+18.11
3,600,000,000
SLSB-II
?
Most luminous supernova-like event to date.
SN 2017gax
Dorado
517,000,000
I
NGC 1672
SN 2018zd
Camelopardalis
+17.8
70,000,000
Ia-csm
NGC 2146
First electron capture supernova ever detected
SN 2019hgp
Boötes
+20.16
920,000,000
Icn
First detected supernova of a Wolf-Rayet star [ 28] [ 29]
SN 2020fqv
Virgo
+19.0
59,400,000
IIb
NGC 4568
Earliest known observation of an explosion, 26 hours after[ 30] [ 31] [ 32]
SN 2020tlf
Boötes
+15.89
120,000,000
IIn
NGC 5731
First red supergiant observed before, during and after explosion; earliest known observation, at 130 days before explosion[ 33] [ 34]
SN 2021yja
Eridanus
750,000,000
II
NGC 1325 [ 35] [ 36]
SN 2022jli
Cetus
+14
75,000,000
type I-c
NGC 157
Type Ic, shows periodicity[ 37] [ 38] [ 39] [ 40]
SN 2023ixf
Ursa Major
+10.8
21,000,000
type II-L
Pinwheel Galaxy (M101)[ 41]
Closest and brightest supernova since SN 2014J
SN 2023rve
Fornax
+13.9
450,000,000
II
NGC 1097 [ 42] [ 43] [ 44] [ 45] [ 46]
Brightest Supernova Since SN 2023ixf .
SN 2023vyl
Pegasus
783,000,000
Ia
NGC 7625
[ 47] [ 48]
SN 2023abdg
Grus
816,000,000
II
NGC 7421
[ 49]
SN 2023ufx
+15.55
II
The most metal -poor supernova found to date.[ 50]
Supernova statistics
See also
References
^ Modern estimates vary widely; see SN 185 for more detail.
^ Ksenofontov, L. T.; Berezhko, E. G.; Völk, H. J. (2005-04-01). "Magnetic field amplification in Tycho and other shell-type supernova remnants". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 433 (1): 229–240. arXiv :astro-ph/0409453 . Bibcode :2005A&A...433..229V . doi :10.1051/0004-6361:20042015 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 16726273 .
^ "New evidence links stellar remains to oldest recorded supernova" Chandra X-ray Observatory, released 2006-09-18, revised 2009-02-20, retrieved 2010-02-26.
^ Chin YN, Huang YL (1994). "Identification of the Guest Star of AD 185 as a comet rather than a supernova" . Nature . 371 (6496): 398–399. Bibcode :1994Natur.371..398C . doi :10.1038/371398a0 . S2CID 4240119 . Archived from the original on 2013-11-05.
^ Zhao FY, Strom RG, Jiang SY (2006). "The Guest Star of AD185 Must Have Been a Supernova" . Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics . 6 (5): 635–40. Bibcode :2006ChJAA...6..635Z . doi :10.1088/1009-9271/6/5/17 .
^ a b "SNR Cat - U Manitoba" .
^ SEDS. "Supernova 386" .
^ National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO). "The Supernova of 386 AD" . Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2012-09-02 .
^ a b Hoffmann, Susanne M; Vogt, Nikolaus (2020-09-11). "A search for the modern counterparts of the Far Eastern guest stars 369 CE, 386 CE and 393 CE" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 497 (2): 1419–1433. arXiv :2007.01013 . Bibcode :2020MNRAS.497.1419H . doi :10.1093/mnras/staa1970 . ISSN 0035-8711 .
^ Winkler, P. Frank; Gupta, Gaurav; Long, Knox S. (2003). "The SN 1006 Remnant: Optical Proper Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum". The Astrophysical Journal . 585 (1): 324–335. arXiv :astro-ph/0208415 . Bibcode :2003ApJ...585..324W . doi :10.1086/345985 . S2CID 1626564 .
^ "Astronomers Peg Brightness of History's Brightest Star" (Press release). National Optical Astronomy Observatory. 2003-03-05. Archived from the original on 2003-04-02. Retrieved 2009-01-12 .
^ SEDS, Supernova 1054 – Creation of the Crab Nebula
^ Ritter, Andreas; Parker, Quentin A.; Lykou, Foteini; Zijlstra, Albert A.; Guerrero, Martín A.; Le Dû, Pascal (2021-09-01). "The Remnant and Origin of the Historical Supernova 1181 AD" . The Astrophysical Journal Letters . 918 (2): L33. arXiv :2105.12384 . Bibcode :2021ApJ...918L..33R . doi :10.3847/2041-8213/ac2253 . hdl :10261/255617 . ISSN 2041-8205 . S2CID 235195784 .
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^ information@eso.org. "SN2002dd in the HDF North - 2002" . www.esahubble.org . Retrieved 2024-08-17 .
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^ Science Daily , "Superbright Supernova Is First of Its Kind" , 5 December 2009 (accessed 2009-12-15)
^ Melissa L. Graham; David J. Sand; Dennis Zaritsky; Chris J. Pritchet (13 May 2015). "Confirmation of Hostless Type Ia Supernovae Using Hubble Space Telescope Imaging". The Astrophysical Journal . 807 (1): 83. arXiv :1505.03407 . Bibcode :2015ApJ...807...83G . doi :10.1088/0004-637X/807/1/83 . S2CID 118555601 .
^ Robert Sanders (4 June 2015). "Exiled stars explode far from home" . UC Berkeley News Center.
^ "Supernova impostor explodes for real" . www.newscientist.com . Retrieved November 29, 2017 .
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^ Piascik, A. S.; Steele, I. A. (2015-01-01). "ATel #7333: Spectral Classification of ASASSN-15ga in NGC4866" . The Astronomer's Telegram . Retrieved 2021-02-02 .
^ Gal-Yam, A.; Bruch, R.; Schulze, S.; Yang, Y.; Perley, D. A.; Irani, I.; Sollerman, J.; Kool, E. C.; Soumagnac, M. T.; Yaron, O.; Strotjohann, N. L. (12 January 2022). "A WC/WO star exploding within an expanding carbon–oxygen–neon nebula" . Nature . 601 (7892): 201–204. arXiv :2111.12435 . Bibcode :2022Natur.601..201G . doi :10.1038/s41586-021-04155-1 . ISSN 1476-4687 . PMID 35022591 . S2CID 244527654 .
^ "Astronomers discover first supernova explosion of a Wolf-Rayet star" . Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias • IAC . 12 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-02-08 .
^ Jenner, Lynn (2021-10-19). "Hubble Gives Unprecedented, Early View of a Doomed Star's Destruction" . NASA . Retrieved 2021-11-05 .
^ Gough, Evan (2021-10-29). "Quick Action Let Hubble Watch the Earliest Stages of an Unfolding Supernova Detonation" . Universe Today . Retrieved 2021-11-05 .
^ Tinyanont, Samaporn; Ridden-Harper, R; Foley, R J; Morozova, V; Kilpatrick, C D; Dimitriadis, G; DeMarchi, L; Gagliano, A; Jacobson-Galán, W V; Messick, A; Pierel, J D R (2021-10-26). "Progenitor and close-in Circumstellar Medium of Type II Supernova 2020fqv from high-cadence photometry and ultra-rapid UV spectroscopy" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 512 (stab2887): 2777–2797. arXiv :2110.10742 . doi :10.1093/mnras/stab2887 . ISSN 0035-8711 .
^ Jacobson-Galán, W. V.; Dessart, L.; Jones, D. O.; Margutti, R.; Coppejans, D.L.; Dimitriadis, G.; Foley, R. J.; Kilpatrick, C. D.; Matthews, D. J.; Rest, S.; Terreran, G.; Aleo, P. D.; Auchettl, K.; Blanchard, P. K.; Coulter, D. A.; Davis, K. W.; de Boer, T. J. L.; DeMarchi, L.; Drout, M. R.; Earl, N.; Gagliano, A.; Gall, C.; Hjorth, J.; Huber, M. E.; Ibik, A. L.; Milisavljevic, D.; Pan, Y.-C.; Rest, A.; Ridden-Harper, R.; Rojas-Bravo, C.; Siebert, M. R.; Smith, K. W.; Taggart, K.; Tinyanont, S.; Wang, Q.; Zenati, Y. (6 January 2022). "Final Moments. I. Precursor Emission, Envelope Inflation, and Enhanced Mass Loss Preceding the Luminous Type II Supernova 2020tlf" . The Astrophysical Journal . 924 (1). American Astronomical Society: 15. arXiv :2109.12136 . Bibcode :2022ApJ...924...15J . doi :10.3847/1538-4357/ac3f3a . S2CID 237940678 .
^ Anderson, Paul Scott (14 January 2022). "Dying star's explosive end seen by astronomers" . EarthSky . Deborah Byrd. Retrieved 16 January 2022 .
^ Smith, K. W.; et al. (September 2021). "ATLAS21bidw (AT2021yja): discovery of a candidate SN in NGC 1325 (22 Mpc)". Transient Name Server AstroNote 2021-235 . 235 : 1. Bibcode :2021TNSAN.235....1S .
^ Ryder, S. D.; et al. (September 2021). "Radio observations of SN 2021yja". The Astronomer's Telegram . 14915 : 1. Bibcode :2021ATel14915....1R .
^ Moore, T.; et al. (October 2023). "SN 2022jli: A Type Ic Supernova with Periodic Modulation of Its Light Curve and an Unusually Long Rise" . The Astrophysical Journal Letters . 956 (1): L31. arXiv :2309.12750 . Bibcode :2023ApJ...956L..31M . doi :10.3847/2041-8213/acfc25 . ISSN 2041-8205 .
^ Chen, Ping; et al. (January 2024). "A 12.4-day periodicity in a close binary system after a supernova" . Nature . 625 (7994): 253–258. arXiv :2310.07784 . Bibcode :2024Natur.625..253C . doi :10.1038/s41586-023-06787-x . ISSN 1476-4687 . PMID 38200292 . S2CID 263909264 . Retrieved 12 January 2024 .
^ "Missing link found: supernovae give rise to black holes or neutron stars" . www.eso.org . Retrieved 12 January 2024 .
^ "Supernova 2022jli in NGC 157" . www.rochesterastronomy.org . Retrieved 12 January 2024 .
^ O'Callaghan, Jonathan (October 2023). "Out with a Bang". Scientific American . 329 (3): 8–11. doi :10.1038/scientificamerican1023-8 . PMID 39017247 .
^ Odeh, Mohammad (8 September 2023). "AT 2023rve" . IAU Supernova Working Group . Retrieved 10 September 2023 .
^ Arrizabalaga, P. (12 September 2023). "SN 2023rve: follow-up photometry with LCOGT DeltaRho 350 + QHY600" . IAU Supernova Working Group . Retrieved 14 September 2023 .
^ Bishop, David (12 September 2023). "Supernovae 2023rve in NGC 1097" . Bright Supernovae . Retrieved 14 September 2023 .
^ Otero, Sebastian (12 September 2023). "The International Variable Star Index: SN 2023rve" . AAVSO . Retrieved 14 September 2023 .
^ Ghannam, Osama (8 September 2023). "New Supernova is Discovered From the UAE" . IAC . Retrieved 14 September 2023 .
^ Supernovae 2023vyl in NGC 7625 , Astronomy Section, Rochester Academy of Science, January 26, 2024, retrieved 2024-01-28 .
^ "SN 2023vyl" . Transient Name Server . IAU . Retrieved 14 August 2024 .
^ "SN 2023abdg" , Transient Name Server , retrieved 2024-02-04 .
^ Tucker, Michael A.; Hinkle, Jason; Angus, Charlotte R.; Auchettl, Katie; Hoogendam, Willem B.; Shappee, Benjamin; Kochanek, Christopher S.; Ashall, Chris; Boer, Thomas de; Chambers, Kenneth C.; Desai, Dhvanil D.; Do, Aaron; Fulton, Michael D.; Gao, Hua; Herman, Joanna (2024). "The Extremely Metal-poor SN 2023ufx: A Local Analog to High-redshift Type II Supernovae" . The Astrophysical Journal . 976 (2): 178. arXiv :2405.00113 . Bibcode :2024ApJ...976..178T . doi :10.3847/1538-4357/ad8448 . ISSN 0004-637X .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2023" . Retrieved 2023-01-11 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2022" . Retrieved 2023-02-18 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2021" . Retrieved 2023-02-18 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2020" . Retrieved 2023-02-18 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2019" . Retrieved 2023-02-18 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2018" . Retrieved 2023-02-18 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2017" . Retrieved 2023-02-20 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2016" . Retrieved 2023-02-20 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2015" . Retrieved 2023-02-20 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2014" . Retrieved 2023-02-20 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2013" . Retrieved 2023-02-20 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2012" . Retrieved 2023-02-21 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2011" . Retrieved 2023-02-21 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2010" . Retrieved 2023-02-21 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2009" . Retrieved 2023-02-21 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2008" . Retrieved 2023-02-21 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2007" . Retrieved 2023-02-21 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2006" . Retrieved 2023-02-21 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2005" . Retrieved 2023-02-23 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2004" . Retrieved 2023-02-23 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2003" . Retrieved 2023-02-23 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2002" . Retrieved 2023-02-23 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2001" . Retrieved 2023-02-23 .
^ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2000" . Retrieved 2023-02-23 .
Further reading
Green, David A. (2015). Orchiston, Wayne; Green, David A.; Strom, Richard (eds.). Historical Supernova Explosions in Our Galaxy and Their Remnants . New Insights From Recent Studies in Historical Astronomy: Following in the Footsteps of F. Richard Stephenson, Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings . Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. Vol. 43. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 91–100. doi :10.1007/978-3-319-07614-0_7 . ISBN 978-3-319-07613-3 .
External links
Classes Physics of Related Progenitors Remnants Discovery Lists Notable Research