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Minister of War (France)

Minister of War
Ministre de la guerre
Longest serving
Jacques Randon
5 May 1859 – 20 January 1867
Ministry of War
StatusAbolished
Member ofGovernment
Reports toPrime Minister
NominatorPrime Minister
AppointerPresident
Term lengthNo fixed term
PrecursorSecretary of State for War
Formation25 May 1791
First holderLouis Lebègue Duportail
Final holderPaul Coste-Floret
Abolished31 October 1947
SuccessionMinister of the Armed Forces

The Minister of War (French: Ministre de la guerre) was the leader and most senior official of the French Ministry of War. It was a position in the Government of France from 1791 to 1947, replacing the position of Secretary of State for War and later being merged with the offices of Minister of the Navy and Minister of Air to form a new Minister of the Armed Forces.

History

In 1791, during the French Revolution, the Secretary of State for War became titled Minister of War.[1]

For most of its existence and until the beginning of the 20th century, ministers had always been Marshals or Generals. The Third Republic saw the gradual replacement of the military by civilian politicians to the office. It was also subject to the governmental instability of the regime, leading to ministers seating only for few days.[citation needed]

Powers and functions

On 27 April 1791, the National Constituent Assembly issued a decree organizing the six ministries of Justice, Interior, Finances, War, Navy and Foreign Affairs. The decree was signed into law on 25 May 1791 by King Louis XVI.[2] This law determined the responsibilities of the minister, giving him full authority on the French Army and the sole provost duties of the National Gendarmerie. It also resolved that the minister would be responsible for the administration and finances of his department.

Officeholders

Kingdom of France

No. Portrait Name Term Cabinet King Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
Ministry established
1 Louis Lebègue Duportail 25 May 1791 7 December 1791 196 days Louis XVI Louis XVI [a]
2 Louis de Narbonne-Lara 7 December 1791 10 March 1792 94 days [3]
3 Pierre Marie de Grave 10 March 1792 10 May 1792 61 days [4]
4 Joseph Servan 10 May 1792 13 June 1792 34 days [5]
5 Charles du Périer Dumouriez 13 June 1792 18 June 1792 5 days [6]
6 Pierre de Lajard 18 June 1792 23 July 1792 35 days [7]
7 Charles d'Abancourt 23 July 1792 10 August 1792 18 days [8]
8 Joseph Servan 10 August 1792 22 September 1792 43 days [9]

First Republic

No. Portrait Name Term[b] Cabinet Head of State Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
8 Joseph Servan 22 September 1792
1 Vendémiaire Year I 		3 October 1792
12 Vendémiaire Year I 		11 days National Convention National Convention [c]
Interim by Pierre Lebrun-Tondu, Minister of Foreign Affairs, from 3 October 1792 to 24 January 1793.
9 Jean-Nicolas Pache 24 January 1793
5 Pluviôse Year I 		4 February 1793
16 Pluviôse Year I 		11 days National Convention National Convention [10]
10 Pierre Riel de Beurnonville 4 February 1793
16 Pluviôse Year I 		4 April 1793
15 Germinal Year I 		59 days [11]
11 Jean Bouchotte 4 April 1793
15 Germinal Year I 		20 April 1794
1 Floréal Year II 		1 year, 16 days [12]
All ministries suspended and replaced by the Executive Commissions between 20 April 1794 and 3 November 1795. [13]
12 Jean-Baptiste Aubert du Bayet 3 November 1795
12 Brumaire Year IV 		8 February 1796
19 Pluviôse Year IV 		97 days Directory Directory [14]
13 Claude Petiet 8 February 1796
19 Pluviôse Year IV 		23 July 1797
5 Thermidor Year V 		1 year, 165 days
14 Barthélemy Schérer 23 July 1797
5 Thermidor Year V 		21 February 1799
3 Ventôse Year VII 		1 year, 213 days [15]
15 Louis de Milet de Mureau 21 February 1799
3 Ventôse Year VII 		2 July 1799
14 Messidor Year VII 		131 days [16]
16 Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte 2 July 1799
14 Messidor Year VII 		14 September 1799
28 Fructidor Year VII 		74 days [17]
17 Edmond Dubois-Crancé 14 September 1799
28 Fructidor Year VII 		7 November 1799
16 Brumaire Year VIII 		54 days [18]
18 Louis-Alexandre Berthier 7 November 1799
16 Brumaire Year VIII 		2 April 1800
12 Germinal Year VIII 		146 days Consulate Napoléon Bonaparte [19]
19 Lazare Carnot 2 April 1800
12 Germinal Year VIII 		5 May 1800
16 Floréal Year VIII 		33 days [20]
Interim by Jean-Gérard Lacuée, Councillor of State, from 5 May to 8 October 1800. [21]
20 Louis-Alexandre Berthier 8 October 1800
16 Vendémiaire Year IX 		18 May 1804
28 Floréal Year XII 		3 years, 223 days Consulate Napoléon Bonaparte [22]

First Empire

No. Portrait Name Term Cabinet Emperor Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
20 Louis-Alexandre Berthier
Prince de Neuchâtel 		18 May 1804 9 August 1807 3 years, 83 days Napoléon Napoleon I [d]
21 Henri Guillaume Clarke
Duc de Feltre 		9 August 1807 20 November 1813 6 years, 103 days [23]
22 Pierre Daru
Comte Daru 		20 November 1813 1 April 1814 132 days [24]

Restoration

No. Portrait Name Term Cabinet King Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
23 Pierre Antoine
Comte Dupont de l'Étang 		3 April 1814 26 November 1814 237 days Provisional Government Louis XVIII [25]
Restoration
24 Jean-de-Dieu Soult
Duc de Dalmatie 		26 November 1814 11 March 1815 105 days [e]
25 Henri Guillaume Clarke
Duc de Feltre 		11 March 1815 20 March 1815 9 days

Hundred Days

No. Portrait Name Term Cabinet Emperor Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
26 Louis Nicolas d'Avout
Duc d'Auerstaedt, Prince d'Eckmühl 		20 March 1815 9 July 1815 111 days Hundred Days Napoleon I [26]
Executive Commission Napoleon II

Kingdom of France

No. Portrait Name Term Cabinet King Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
27 Laurent de Gouvion
Marquis de Saint-Cyr 		9 July 1815 28 September 1815 81 days Talleyrand Louis XVIII [27]
28 Henri Guillaume Clarke
Duc de Feltre 		28 September 1815 12 September 1817 1 year, 349 days de Richelieu I
29 Laurent de Gouvion
Marquis de Saint-Cyr 		12 September 1817 19 November 1819 2 years, 68 days de Richelieu I
Dessolles 		[28]
30 Victor de Faÿ
Marquis de La Tour-Maubourg 		19 November 1819 14 December 1821 2 years, 25 days Decazes
de Richelieu II 		[29]
31 Claude Victor Perrin
Duc de Bellune 		14 December 1821 23 March 1823 1 year, 99 days de Villèle [30]
Interim by Alexandre Elisabeth Michel, Vicomte Digeon, from 23 March to 15 April 1823. [31]
32 Claude Victor Perrin
Duc de Bellune 		15 April 1823 19 October 1823 187 days de Villèle Louis XVIII
33 Ange Hyacinthe Maxence
Baron de Damas 		19 October 1823 4 August 1824 175 days [32]
34 Aimé Marie Gaspard
Comte de Clermont-Tonnerre 		4 August 1824 4 January 1828 3 years, 268 days [33]
Charles X
35 Louis Victor de Caux
Vicomte de Blacquetot 		4 January 1828 8 August 1829 1 year, 216 days de Martignac [34]
36 Louis Auguste Victor
Comte de Ghaisnes de Bourmont 		8 August 1829 29 July 1830 355 days de Polignac [35]
37 Étienne Maurice
Comte Gérard 		29 July 1830 17 November 1830 115 days de Rochechouart de Mortemart
Paris Municipal Commission Cabinet
Provisional cabinet
First cabinet 		[36]
Louis Philippe I
38 Jean-de-Dieu Soult
Duc de Dalmatie 		17 November 1830 18 July 1834 3 years, 243 days Laffitte
Casimir-Périer
Soult I 		[37]
39 Étienne Maurice
Comte Gérard 		18 July 1834 10 November 1834 115 days Gérard
40 Simon Bernard
Général-Baron 		10 November 1834 18 November 1834 8 days Maret
41 Édouard Mortier
Duc de Trévise 		18 November 1834 12 March 1835 114 days Mortier
Interim by Henri de Rigny, Minister without portfolio, from 12 March to 30 April 1835.
42 Nicolas Joseph
Marquis Maison 		30 April 1835 19 September 1836 1 year, 142 days de Broglie
Thiers I 		Louis Philippe I
Interim by Claude du Campe de Rosamel, Minister of Navy, from 6 September to 19 September 1836. [38]
43 Simon Bernard
Général-Baron 		19 September 1836 31 March 1839 2 years, 193 days Molé I – II Louis Philippe I [39]
44 Amédée Despans-Cubières 31 March 1839 12 May 1839 42 days Transitional cabinet [40]
45 Antoine Schneider 12 May 1839 1 March 1840 294 days Soult II [41]
46 Amédée Despans-Cubières 1 March 1840 29 October 1840 242 days Thiers II [42]
47 Jean-de-Dieu Soult
Duc de Dalmatie 		29 October 1840 10 November 1845 5 years, 12 days Soult III [43]
48 Alexandre Moline de Saint-Yon 10 November 1845 9 May 1847 1 year, 180 days [44]
49 Camille Trézel 9 May 1847 24 February 1848 291 days Soult III
Guizot 		[45]

Second Republic

No. Portrait Name Term Cabinet President Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
50 Alphonse Bedeau 24 February 1848 25 February 1848 1 day Provisional Government Provisional Government [46]
51 Jacques Subervie 25 February 1848 19 March 1848 23 days [47]
Interim by François Arago, Minister of Navy, from 19 March to 20 March 1848. [48]
52 Louis-Eugène Cavaignac 20 March 1848 5 April 1848 16 days Provisional Government Provisional Government [49]
53 François Arago 5 April 1848 11 May 1848 42 days Executive Commission Executive Commission [50]
Interim by Jean-Baptiste Charras, Under Secretary of State of War, from 11 May to 17 May 1848. [51]
54 Louis-Eugène Cavaignac 17 May 1848 28 June 1848 42 days Executive Commission Executive Commission [52]
55 Louis Juchault de Lamoricière 28 June 1848 20 December 1848 175 days Cavaignac Louis-Eugène Cavaignac[f] [53]
56 Joseph Rullière 20 December 1848 31 October 1849 315 days Barrot I – II Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
57 Alphonse d'Hautpoul 31 October 1849 22 October 1850 356 days d'Hautpoul
58 Jean-Paul de Schramm 22 October 1850 9 January 1851 79 days [54]
59 Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély 9 January 1851 24 January 1851 15 days [55]
60 Jacques Randon 24 January 1851 26 October 1851 275 days Rouher
Faucher 		[56]
61 Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud 26 October 1851 2 December 1852 1 year, 37 days Last cabinet
Napoléon I – II 		[57]

Second Empire

No. Portrait Name Term Cabinet Emperor Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
61 Jacques Leroy
de Saint-Arnaud 		2 December 1852 11 March 1854 1 year, 99 days Napoléon III Napoleon III [d]
62 Jean-Baptiste Philibert
Comte Vaillant 		11 March 1854 5 May 1859 5 years, 55 days [58]
63 Jacques Louis César Alexandre
Comte Randon 		5 May 1859 20 January 1867 7 years, 260 days [59]
64 Adolphe Niel 20 January 1867 13 August 1869† 2 years, 205 days [60]
Interim by Charles Rigault de Genouilly, Minister of Navy, from 13 August to 21 August 1869.
65 Edmond Le Bœuf 21 August 1869 19 July 1870 332 days Napoléon IV
Ollivier 		Napoleon III [61]
Interim by Charles Dejean, Councillor of State, from 19 July to 9 August 1870. [62]
66 Charles Cousin-Montauban
Comte de Palikao 		9 August 1870 4 September 1870 26 days Cousin-Montauban Napoleon III [63]

Third Republic

No. Portrait Name Term Cabinet President Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
67 Adolphe Le Flô 4 September 1870 5 June 1871 274 days National Defence
Dufaure I 		Jules Trochu[g] [64]
Adolphe Thiers
68 Ernest de Cissey 5 June 1871 29 May 1873 1 year, 358 days Dufaure I – II [65]
69 François du Barail 29 May 1873 22 May 1874 358 days de Broglie I – II Patrice de MacMahon [66]
70 Ernest de Cissey 22 May 1874 15 August 1876 2 years, 85 days de Cissey
Buffet
Dufaure III – IV 		[67]
71 Jean Berthaut 15 August 1876 23 November 1877 1 year, 100 days Dufaure IV
Simon
de Broglie III 		[68]
72 Gaëtan de Rochebouët 23 November 1877 13 December 1877 20 days de Rochebouët [69]
73 Jean-Louis Borel 13 December 1877 13 January 1879 1 year, 31 days Dufaure V [70]
74 Henri Gresley 13 January 1879 28 December 1879 349 days Dufaure V
Waddington 		[71]
Jules Grévy
75 Jean-Joseph Farre 28 December 1879 14 November 1881 1 year, 260 days Waddington
de Freycinet I
Ferry I 		[72]
76 Jean-Baptiste Campenon 14 November 1881 30 January 1882 77 days Gambetta [73]
77 Jean-Baptiste Billot 30 January 1882 31 January 1883 1 year, 1 day de Freycinet II
Duclerc 		[74]
78 Jean Thibaudin 31 January 1883 9 October 1883 251 days Fallières
Ferry II 		[75]
79 Jean-Baptiste Campenon 9 October 1883 3 January 1885 1 year, 86 days Ferry II [76]
80 Jules Lewal 3 January 1885 6 April 1885 36 days [77]
81 Jean-Baptiste Campenon 6 April 1885 7 January 1886 276 days Brisson I [78]
82 Georges Boulanger 7 January 1886 30 May 1887 1 year, 143 days de Freycinet III
Goblet 		[79]
83 Théophile Ferron 30 May 1887 12 December 1887 196 days Rouvier I [80]
84 François Logerot 12 December 1887 3 April 1888 113 days Tirard I Sadi Carnot [81]
85 Charles de Freycinet 3 April 1888 11 January 1893 4 years, 283 days Floquet
Tirard II
de Freycinet IV
Loubet
Ribot I 		[82]
86 Julien Loizillon 11 January 1893 3 December 1893 326 days Ribot II
Dupuy I 		[83]
87 Auguste Mercier 3 December 1893 28 January 1895 1 year, 56 days Casimir-Perier
Dupuy II – III 		[84]
Jean Casimir-Perier
88 Émile Zurlinden 28 January 1895 1 November 1895 277 days Ribot III [85]
89 Jacques Cavaignac 1 November 1895 29 April 1896 180 days Bourgeois Félix Faure [86]
90 Jean-Baptiste Billot 29 April 1896 28 June 1898 2 years, 60 days Méline [87]
91 Jacques Cavaignac 28 June 1898 5 September 1898 69 days Brisson II [88]
92 Émile Zurlinden 5 September 1898 17 September 1898 12 days [89]
93 Charles Chanoine 17 September 1898 25 October 1898 38 days [90]
Interim by Édouard Lockroy, Minister of Navy, from 25 October to 1 November 1898. [91]
94 Charles de Freycinet 1 November 1898 6 May 1899 186 days Dupuy IV – V Félix Faure [92]
Émile Loubet
95 Camille Krantz 6 May 1899 22 June 1899 47 days Dupuy V [93]
96 Gaston de Galliffet 22 June 1899 29 May 1900 341 days Waldeck-Rousseau [94]
97 Louis André 29 May 1900 15 November 1904 4 years, 170 days Waldeck-Rousseau
Combes 		[95]
98 Henri Berteaux 15 November 1904 12 November 1905 362 days Combes
Rouvier II 		[96]
99 Eugène Étienne 12 November 1905 25 October 1906 347 days Rouvier II – III
Sarrien 		[97]
Armand Fallières
100 Georges Picquart 25 October 1906 24 July 1909 2 years, 272 days Clemenceau I [98]
101 Jean Brun 24 July 1909 23 February 1911† 1 year, 214 days Briand I – II [99]
Interim by Aristide Briand, President of the Council of Ministers, from 23 February to 2 March 1911. [100]
102 Henri Berteaux 2 March 1911 21 May 1911† 80 days Monis Armand Fallières [101]
Interim by Jean Cruppi, Minister of Foreign Affairs, from 21 May to 27 May 1911. [102]
103 François Goiran 27 May 1911 27 June 1911 15 days Monis Armand Fallières [103]
104 Adolphe Messimy 27 June 1911 14 January 1912 201 days Caillaux [104]
105 Alexandre Millerand 14 January 1912 12 January 1913 364 days Poincaré I [105]
106 Albert Lebrun 12 January 1913 21 January 1913 9 days [106]
107 Eugène Étienne 21 January 1913 9 December 1913 322 days Briand III – IV
Barthou 		[107]
Raymond Poincaré
108 Joseph Noulens 9 December 1913 9 June 1914 182 days Doumergue I [108]
109 Théophile Delcassé 9 June 1914 13 June 1914 4 days Ribot IV [109]
110 Adolphe Messimy 13 June 1914 26 August 1914 74 days Viviani I [110]
111 Alexandre Millerand 26 August 1914 29 October 1915 1 year, 64 days Viviani II [111]
112 Joseph Gallieni 29 October 1915 16 March 1916 139 days Briand V [112]
113 Pierre Roques 16 March 1916 12 December 1916 271 days [113]
114 Hubert Lyautey 12 December 1916 15 March 1917 93 days Briand VI [114]
Interim by Lucien Lacaze, Minister of Navy, from 15 March to 20 March 1917. [115]
115 Paul Painlevé 20 March 1917 16 November 1917 241 days Ribot V
Painlevé I 		Raymond Poincaré [116]
116 Georges Clemenceau 16 November 1917 20 January 1920 2 years, 65 days Clemenceau II [117]
117 André Lefèvre 20 January 1920 16 December 1920 331 days Millerand I – II
Leygues 		[118]
Paul Deschanel
Alexandre Millerand
118 Flaminius Raiberti 16 December 1920 16 January 1921 31 days Leygues [119]
119 Louis Barthou 16 January 1921 15 January 1922 364 days Briand VII [120]
120 André Maginot 15 January 1922 14 June 1924 2 years, 151 days Poincaré II – III
François-Marsal 		[121]
121 Charles Nollet 14 June 1924 17 April 1925 307 days Herriot I Gaston Doumergue [122]
122 Paul Painlevé 17 April 1925 29 October 1925 195 days Painlevé II [123]
123 Édouard Daladier 29 October 1925 28 November 1925 31 days Painlevé III [124]
124 Paul Painlevé 28 November 1925 23 June 1926 207 days Briand VIII – IX [125]
125 Adolphe Guillaumat 23 June 1926 19 July 1926 207 days Briand X [126]
126 Paul Painlevé 19 July 1926 3 November 1929 3 years, 107 days Herriot II
Poincaré IV–V
Briand XI 		[127]
127 André Maginot 3 November 1929 21 February 1930 110 days Tardieu I [128]
128 René Besnard 21 February 1930 2 March 1930 9 days Chautemps I [129]
129 André Maginot 2 March 1930 13 December 1930 286 days Tardieu II [130]
130 Louis Barthou 13 December 1930 27 January 1931 45 days Steeg [131]
131 André Maginot 27 January 1931 7 January 1932† 345 days Laval I – II [132]
Paul Doumer
Interim by Charles Dumont, Minister of Navy, from 7 January to 14 January 1932. -
132 André Tardieu 14 January 1932 20 February 1932 37 days Laval III Paul Doumer [133]
133 François Piétri[h] 20 February 1932 3 June 1932 104 days Tardieu III [134]
134 Joseph Paul-Boncour 3 June 1932 18 December 1932 198 days Herriot III Albert Lebrun [135]
135 Édouard Daladier 18 December 1932 30 January 1934 1 year, 43 days Paul-Boncour
Daladier I
Sarraut I
Chautemps II 		[136]
136 Jean Fabry[i] 30 January 1934 4 February 1934 5 days Daladier II [137]
137 Joseph Paul-Boncour[i] 4 February 1934 9 February 1934 5 days [138]
138 Philippe Pétain 9 February 1934 8 November 1934 272 days Doumergue II [139]
139 Louis Maurin 8 November 1934 7 June 1935 211 days Flandin I
Bouisson 		[140]
140 Jean Fabry 7 June 1935 24 January 1936 231 days Laval IV [141]
141 Louis Maurin 24 January 1936 4 June 1936 132 days Sarraut II [142]
142 Édouard Daladier[i] 4 June 1936 18 May 1940 3 years, 349 days Blum I
Chautemps III – IV
Blum II
Daladier III – IV – V
Reynaud 		[143]
143 Paul Reynaud 18 May 1940 16 June 1940 29 days Reynaud [144]
144 Louis Colson 16 June 1940 10 July 1940 24 days Pétain [145]

Vichy France

No. Portrait Name Term Cabinet Chief of State Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
- Louis Colson[j] 10 July 1940 6 September 1940 58 days Laval V Philippe Pétain [146]
- Charles Huntziger[j] 6 September 1940 11 November 1941† 1 year, 66 days Laval V
Flandin II
Darlan 		[147]
- François Darlan[k][j] 11 November 1941 18 April 1942 158 days Darlan
- Eugène Bridoux[j] 18 April 1942 20 August 1944 2 years, 124 days Laval VI [148]

Free France

No. Portrait Name Term Cabinet Leader Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
145 Paul Legentilhomme[l] 24 September 1941 9 November 1943 2 years, 46 days CNF Charles de Gaulle [149]
CFLN
146 André Le Troquer[l] 9 November 1943 4 April 1944 147 days [150]
147 André Diethelm[l] 4 April 1944 10 September 1944 159 days [151]

Provisional Government

No. Portrait Name Term Cabinet President Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
(147) André Diethelm 10 September 1944 21 November 1945 1 year, 72 days de Gaulle I Charles de Gaulle [152]

Fourth Republic

No. Portrait Name Term Government President Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
148 Paul Coste-Floret
serving with
Defence Minister François Billoux 		22 January 1947 22 October 1947 273 days Ramadier I Vincent Auriol [153]
Ministry disestablished

Notes

  1. ^ Secretary of State for War at the creation of the ministry.
  2. ^ Dates in italic correspond to the French Republican calendar, used between 1793 (and retroactively 1792) and 1805.
  3. ^ Remained in office at the proclamation of the Republic.
  4. ^ a b Remained in office at the proclamation of the Empire.
  5. ^ Soult, as Minister of War, started countersigning the ordinance of Louis XVIII on 26 November 1814.
  6. ^ As Chief of the Executive Power.
  7. ^ President of the Government of National Defence.
  8. ^ As Minister of National Defence.
  9. ^ a b c As Minister of War and National Defence.
  10. ^ a b c d As Secretary of State of War.
  11. ^ Ad interim initially, as Secretary of State of the Navy.
  12. ^ a b c As Commissioner of War.

References

  1. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (25 May 1791). "Law on the organisation of the Ministry". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  2. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (25 May 1791). "Law on the organisation of the Ministry". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  3. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (7 December 1791). "Note from the King to the National Assembly". archive.org (in French). Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  4. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (10 March 1792). "Note from the King to the National Assembly". archive.org (in French). Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  5. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (10 May 1792). "Note from the King to the National Assembly". archive.org (in French). Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  6. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (13 June 1792). "Note from the King to the National Assembly". archive.org (in French). Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  7. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (18 June 1792). "Note from the King to the National Assembly". archive.org (in French). Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  8. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (23 July 1792). "Note from the King to the National Assembly". archive.org (in French). Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  9. ^ Government of the French Republic (10 August 1792). "Decree on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  10. ^ Government of the French Republic (24 January 1793). "Decree on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  11. ^ Government of the French Republic (4 February 1793). "Decree on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  12. ^ Government of the French Republic (4 April 1793). "Decree on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  13. ^ Government of the French Republic (1 April 1794). "Law abolishing the Provisional Executive Council". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  14. ^ Government of the French Republic (3 November 1795). "Decree on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  15. ^ Government of the French Republic (23 July 1797). "Decree on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  16. ^ Government of the French Republic (21 February 1799). "Decree on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  17. ^ Government of the French Republic (2 July 1799). "Decree on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  18. ^ Government of the French Republic (14 September 1799). "Decree on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  19. ^ Government of the French Republic (7 November 1799). "Decree on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  20. ^ Government of the French Republic (2 April 1800). "Decree on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  21. ^ Government of the French Republic (5 May 1800). "Decree on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  22. ^ Government of the French Republic (8 October 1800). "Decree on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  23. ^ Government of the French Empire (9 August 1807). "Decree on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  24. ^ Government of the French Empire (20 March 1815). "Decree on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  25. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (3 April 1814). "Decree on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  26. ^ Government of the French Empire (20 March 1815). "Decree on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  27. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (9 July 1815). "Ordonnance on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  28. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (12 September 1817). "Ordonnance on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  29. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (19 November 1819). "Ordonnance on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  30. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (14 December 1821). "Ordonnance on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  31. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (23 March 1823). "Ordonnance on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  32. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (19 October 1823). "Ordonnance on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  33. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (4 August 1824). "Ordonnance on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  34. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (4 January 1828). "Ordonnance on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  35. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (8 August 1829). "Ordonnance on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  36. ^ Government of the Kingdom of France (29 July 1830). "Ordonnance on the composition of the government". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
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