Pierre Bérégovoy

Pierre Bérégovoy
Pierre Bérégovoy
Prime Minister of France
	In office; 2 April 1992 – 29 March 1993
President	François Mitterrand
Preceded by	Édith Cresson
Succeeded by	Édouard Balladur
Personal details
Born	Pierre Eugène Bérégovoy; 23 December 1925; Déville-lès-Rouen, France
Died	1 May 1993 (aged 67); Nevers, France
Political party	SFIO (until 1959); PSU (1960–69); PS (1969–93)
Occupation	Metallurgist, politician

Pierre Eugène Bérégovoy (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ øʒɛn beʁeɡɔvwa]; 23 December 1925 – 1 May 1993) was a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France under President François Mitterrand from 2 April 1992 to 29 March 1993. He was a member of the Socialist Party and Member of Parliament for Nièvre's 1st constituency.

Early career

Pierre Bérégovoy was born in Déville-lès-Rouen to a French mother and a Ukrainian father (original family name Береговий in Ukrainian or Береговой in Russian) who had left the Russian Empire after the Russian Civil War.

He started his professional life at the age of 16 as a qualified metal worker. He got involved in politics following his activities in the French Resistance – while working at SNCF during World War II. A member of the socialist SFIO and of the trade unions confederation Workers Force, he joined the staff of the Minister of Public Works and Transport, Christian Pineau, as adviser for relations with the trade unions in 1949. One year later, he became a technical agent at Gaz de France.

In 1959, he left the SFIO and participated in the foundation of the dissident Unified Socialist Party (PSU). He became an adviser of Pierre Mendès-France. In 1967, with Alain Savary, he created the pro-Mendès-France Union of Clubs for the Renewal of the Left. This group joined the renewed Socialist Party (PS) in 1969. He joined the executive group of the party behind François Mitterrand, and participated notably in the negotiations of the Common Program of the Union of the Left.

In 1981, following Mitterrand's election as President of France, he was chosen as Secretary General of the Presidency. One year later, he joined the cabinet as Minister of Social affairs. He was among the Socialist politicians who advised President Mitterrand to leave the European Monetary System in order to continue Socialist economic policy. But in March 1983, Mitterrand listened to his Prime Minister Pierre Mauroy and ratified the change of economic policy.

Bérégovoy became Minister of the Economy and Finance, from 1984 to the 1986 Socialist electoral defeat.

Elected mayor of Nevers in 1983, and deputy of Nièvre département in 1986, in the electoral land of Mitterrand, he was manager of the latter's 1988 presidential campaign. After his re-election, at the time of each cabinet reshuffle, his name was mentioned as a possible prime minister. In the end, he returned to the Ministry of the Economy and Finance. In this function, he symbolized the adaptation of French socialism to the market economy and struck up hearty relations with employer representatives.

After the 1992 regional elections, which were a disaster for the PS, he was finally appointed Prime Minister and formed a new minority government. He promised to fight unemployment, economic decline and corruption. During his inaugural speech in the French National Assembly, he claimed he knew the names of politicians from the right-wing opposition implicated in corruption scandals, causing a great hue and cry. Bérégovoy forced Bernard Tapie, his Minister of Urban Affairs, to resign in May 1992 after his indictment by the French justice. He thus created the misnamed "Balladur jurisprudence".^[1] In social policy, a number of reforms were carried out. In November 1992 a law was passed that inserted a (arguably narrow) definition of sexual harassment into the labour code and empowered the labour inspectorate and workplace committees to enforce it.^[2] In May 1992, increased aid was provided to farmers, mainly comprising reductions in the agricultural land tax and increased grants for young farmers.^[3] In June 1992, the French parliament passed a bill which required mayors to encourage social mixing in public housing.^[4] A law of 12 July 1992 was aimed at enhancing both the status of child-minders and "the quality of day care for children in a family environment," and a law of 29 July 1992 improved entitlement to medical assistance.^[5] The Sapin law of January 1993 sought to prevent corruption and encourage transparency "in economic activities and public procedures,"^[6] and a law of January 1993 established "the principle of joint parental authority in the legitimate family, even if a divorce occurs."^[7] In addition, the coverage of housing benefits was extended in 1993.^[8]^[9]

After nearly a year as Prime Minister, Bérégovoy led the Socialist Party into the electoral collapse of the March 1993 parliamentary elections: the governing party, which previously held 260 seats (29 short from an overall majority), was reduced to only 53 seats, thus constituting the worst electoral defeat in the French left's history and one of the worst ever suffered by a governing party in French history. He resigned as PM on 29 March 1993.

Political career

Secretary General of the Presidency of the Republic: 1981–1982.

Governmental functions

Prime Minister: 1992–1993.

Minister of Economy and Finances: 1984–1986 / 1988–1992.

Minister of Social Affairs: 1982–1984.

Electoral mandates

National Assembly of France

Member of the National Assembly of France for Nièvre: 1986–1988 (Became minister in 1988) / March–May 1993 (Died in May 1993). Elected in 1986, reelected in 1988, 1993.

General Council

General Councillor of the Nièvre: 1985–1993 (Died in May 1993). Reelected in 1992.

Municipal Council

Mayor of Nevers: 1983–1993 (Died in May 1993). Reelected in 1989.

Municipal councillor of Nevers: 1983–1993 (Died in May 1993). Reelected in 1989.

Death

Bérégovoy killed himself with a gunshot on 1 May 1993.^[10] Friends said he had been depressed ever since he lost the March legislative election in which his Socialist Party won only 67 out of 577 parliamentary seats. Bérégovoy was also being investigated concerning a one-million-franc interest-free loan he received from businessman and close friend, Roger-Patrice Pelat. Pelat had died of a heart attack on 7 March 1989, shortly after being found guilty in the Péchiney-Triangle affair.^[10]

At Bérégovoy's funeral, held at Nevers in an atmosphere of tension and shock, François Mitterrand stated that media pressure in connection with the Pelat scandal was responsible for Bérégovoy's suicide. Targeting the press, he said Bérégovoy's "honour was thrown to the dogs", crediting him with "the grandeur of someone who chooses his destiny."^[11]

Bérégovoy's ministry, 2 April 1992 – 29 March 1993

Pierre Bérégovoy – Prime Minister
Roland Dumas – Minister of Foreign Affairs
Pierre Joxe – Minister of Defense
Paul Quilès – Minister of the Interior and Public Security
Michel Sapin – Minister of Economy, Finance, and Privatization
Michel Charasse – Minister of Budget
Dominique Strauss-Kahn – Minister of Industry and External Commerce
Martine Aubry – Minister of Labour, Employment, and Vocational Training
Michel Vauzelle – Minister of Justice
Jack Lang – Minister of National Education and Culture
Louis Mermaz – Minister of Agriculture and Forests
Ségolène Royal – Minister of Environment
Frédérique Bredin – Minister of Youth and Sports
Louis Le Pensec – Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories
Jean-Louis Bianco – Minister of Transport, Housing, and Equipment
Louis Mermaz – Minister of Relations with Parliament
Bernard Kouchner – Minister of Health and Humanitarian Action
Émile Zuccarelli – Minister of Posts and Telecommunications
Michel Delebarre – Minister of Civil Service and Administrative Reform
François Loncle – Minister of City, Minister of Planning
Bernard Tapie – Minister of City
Hubert Curien – Minister of Research and Space
René Teulade – Minister of Social Affairs and Integration

Changes

23 May 1992 – Bernard Tapie leaves the ministry and the office of Minister of City is abolished
2 October 1992 – Martin Malvy succeeds Charasse as Minister of Budget. Jean-Pierre Soisson succeeds Mermaz as Minister of Agriculture, becoming also Minister of Rural Development
26 December 1992 – The office of Minister of City is re-established, with Bernard Tapie again as Minister
9 March 1993 – Pierre Joxe leaves the ministry of Defence and was succeeded by Pierre Bérégovoy (who remains also Prime minister)

References

^ "Le Monde - Toute l'actualité en continu". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 26 February 2023.
^ Hoskyns, C. (1996). Integrating Gender: Women, Law and Politics in the European Union. Verso. p. 217. ISBN 9781859840788. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
^ OECD Economic Surveys: France 1992 – Books – OECD iLibrary. oecd-ilibrary.org. 1992. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
^ Goulbourne, H. (2001). Race and Ethnicity: Integration, adaptation and change. Routledge. p. 275. ISBN 9780415225038. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
^ Charter, C.E.G.C.E.S.; Europe, C. (1996). European Social Charter: Governmental Committee, 13th Report. Vol. 2. Council of Europe Press. p. 19. ISBN 9789287128676. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
^ Teicher, J.; Neesham, C.; Profiroiu, M. (2013). Sharing Concerns: Country Case Studies in Public-Private Partnerships. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 9781443852616. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
^ Maclean, M. (2005). Family Law and Family Values. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 97. ISBN 9781847312129. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
^ http://www.eea-esem.com/papers/eea-esem/2004/702/Student-2004.pdf^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ ^a ^b Simons, Marlise (4 May 1993). "In French Ex-Premier's Suicide, Cries of 'J'Accuse'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
^ "Funeral lament for death of ex-PM: Mitterrand salutes 'man of integrity'". The Independent. 5 May 1993. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2020.

External links

Association Pierre Bérégovoy, in French only

Political offices
Preceded by Jacques Wahl	Secretary General to the President 1981–1982	Succeeded by Jean-Louis Bianco
Preceded by Nicole Questiaux	Minister of Social Affairs 1982–1984	Succeeded by Georgina Dufoix
Preceded by Jacques Delors	Minister of Economy and Finance 1984–1986	Succeeded by Édouard Balladur
Preceded by Jacques Delors	Minister of Budget 1984–1986	Succeeded by Alain Juppé
Preceded by Édouard Balladur	Minister of Economy and Finance 1988–1992	Succeeded by Michel Sapin
Preceded by Alain Juppé	Minister of Budget 1988–1992	Succeeded by Michel Charasse
Preceded by Édith Cresson	Prime Minister of France 1992–1993	Succeeded by Édouard Balladur
Preceded by Pierre Joxe	Minister of Defence 1993	Succeeded by François Léotard