The compact disc (CD) as well as the CD player first become commercially available in Japan.[1][2]
1987
June
Physical storage
The term "RAID" is invented by David Patterson, Garth A. Gibson, and Randy Katz at the University of California, Berkeley in 1987. In their June 1988 paper "A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)", presented at the SIGMOD conference, they would argue that the top performing mainframe disk drives of the time could be beaten on performance by an array of the inexpensive drives that had been developed for the growing personal computer market. Although failures would rise in proportion to the number of drives, by configuring for redundancy, the reliability of an array could far exceed that of any large single drive.[3][4]
Possibly the earliest reference to the term "digital preservation" (to mean converting analog media to digital and preserving in digital form) is from this year.[6]: 124
1996
January
Web archiving
The initial version of the command-line downloading program Wget, then known as Geturl, is released.[7][8]
Alexa Internet is founded by Brewster Kahle.[11] Since this year, Alexa Internet has donated its crawl data to the Internet Archive.[10][12]
1996
Preserving Digital Information: Report of the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information (Donald Waters, John Garrett, eds.) is published.[13] It became a fundamental document in the field of digital preservation that helped set out key concepts, requirements, and challenges.[14][15]
1997
April 8
Web archiving
cURL, a computer software project providing a library and command-line tool for transferring data using various protocols, releases its initial version of the tool. It is known at this point as HttpGet, would briefly rename itself to urlget, and would finally rename itself to cURL in March 1998. cURL can be used to download files over a network.[16][17]
Amazon Web Services launches by releasing the Simple Storage Service (S3), intended for storing individual files (called objects) in a highly redundant and available fashion.[33][34] S3 is designed for at least 99.999999999% durability (i.e., that percentage of objects is expected to survive after a year) and 99.99% availability (i.e., that percentage of objects is accessible at any given time).[35] The cost of S3 storage dropped over the next decade, reaching 2.3 cents a GB effective December 1, 2016.[36] S3 has been widely used by corporations, libraries, and governments to digitize data for long-term storage.[37][38][39]
2007
January 30
Versioning
Microsoft Office 2007 is released. Word 2007 introduces the ability to track changes in documents.[40]
The initial version of Paperkey is released. Paperkey is a free software implementation of a paper key. It extracts the essential secret bytes from an OpenPGP private key, which can then be printed to paper.[42]
2007
October 26
Versioning
Apple releases the initial version of Time Machine.
Federal Agencies Digital Guidelines Initiative (FADGI)
FADGI is a collaborative effort of 20 federal agencies to articulate common sustainable practices and guidelines for digitized and born digital historical, archival and cultural content. Two working groups study issues specific to two major areas, Still Image and Audio-Visual.[48]
GitHub, a web-based Gitrepositoryhosting service, is launched. GitHub would popularize version control and Git. GitHub would also play an important role in encouraging people to make their source code freely available for posterity, allowing others to fork the code and acting as a de facto archive. In addition to software projects, GitHub would also be used to host code repositories for scientific research[50][51] as well as for hosting and backing up websites and content.
The Archive Team begins operating.[53][54] Its first big effort, for which it receives press coverage, is to download Geocities data before the service shuts down.[55]
2009
Web archiving
SocialSafe Ltd, the company responsible for developing SocialSafe, is founded.[56]
2009
March 23
File system
The initial version of Btrfs, a file system that supports checksums, incremental backups, and the ability to repair errors,[57] is released as part of the Linux kernel version 2.6.29.[58][59]
2009
May 15
Web archiving
The WARC file format is published as the standard ISO 28500:2009 1st edition.[60]
The Memento Project provides a standard for interoperability between web archives and the live web. Memento wins the Digital Preservation Award 2010 because "Memento offers an elegant and easily deployed method that reunites web archives with their home on the live web. It opens web archives to tens of millions of new users and signals a dramatic change in the way we use and perceive digital archives."[63]
Amazon Web Services launches Amazon Glacier, an addition to its S3 offerings with lower storage costs than S3 (initially 1 cent per GB). Glacier is intended for long-term archival in cases where retrieval is rare; therefore retrieval is costly and slow. Glacier offers the same durability as the standard S3 offering.[66][67] In December 2016, the price of Glacier is reduced to 0.4 cents per GB.[36] Glacier has been used by governments, corporations, and libraries for low-cost long-term archival.[39] It has also been recommended for use for personal backups when frequent access is not needed.[68][69]
2013
April 6
Web archiving
In the United Kingdom, the Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations come into force, bringing digital and online material under the scope of the UK's legal deposit. Previously, the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 had given the Secretary of State the powers to make regulations governing the deposit of non-print publications, but such regulations were never made at that time.[23][70][71]: 5
Google Reader, an RSS/Atom feed aggregator operated by Google, shuts down after having launched in 2005.[73] The shutdown prompts an effort to archive the feed data from the service.[74][75]
^Dorian Lynskey (May 28, 2015). "How the compact disc lost its shine". The Guardian. Retrieved November 9, 2016. CBS released the world's first commercially available CD, a reissue of Billy Joel's 52nd Street, in Japan in October 1982. Philips missed the production deadline so the international release was put back to March 1983.
^Benj Edwards (October 1, 2012). "The CD player turns 30". PCWorld. Retrieved November 9, 2016. On October 1, 1982, Sony ignited a digital audio revolution with the release of the world's first commercial compact disc player, the CDP-101 (above), in Japan.
^Frank Hayes (November 17, 2003). "The Story So Far". Computerworld. Retrieved November 18, 2016. Patterson recalled the beginnings of his RAID project in 1987. [...] 1988: David A. Patterson leads a team that defines RAID standards for improved performance, reliability and scalability.
^Hirtle, Peter B. (c. 2003). "The History and Current State of Digital Preservation in the United States". The earliest reference that I could find in English to the "digital preservation" of data occurs in the context of the research that Anne Kenney and Lynne Personnius undertook in 1990 at the Cornell University Library in conjunction with the Xerox Corporation.
^"GNU Wget NEWS – history of user-visible changes". Svn.dotsrc.org. 2005-03-20. Archived from the original on March 13, 2007. Retrieved 2012-12-08. Wget 1.4.0 [formerly known as Geturl] is an extensive rewrite of Geturl. This NEWS file is included in source distributions of Wget.
^"History of curl - How curl Became Like This". curl. Retrieved November 17, 2016. Daniel simply adopted an existing command-line open-source tool, httpget, that Brazilian Rafael Sagula had written and recently release version 0.1 of. After a few minor adjustments, it did just what he needed. [...] HttpGet 1.0 was released on April 8th 1997 with brand new HTTP proxy support.
^Roche, Xavier (February 8, 2014). "Re: Full History of HTTrack". HTTrack Forum. Retrieved November 21, 2016. The first release was in May 1998, but only as binaries.
^"A Brief History of NDIIPP". The Library of Congress - Digital Preservation. Retrieved December 30, 2016. 2000 - NDIIP legislation is passed
^Katie Dean (March 16, 2004). "Honey, I Shrunk the URL". Wired. Retrieved November 17, 2016. So the 24-year-old Web developer from Blaine, Minnesota, launched TinyURL.com in January 2002, a free site that converts huge strings of characters into more manageable snippets.
^ abcLepore, Jill (January 26, 2015). "The Cobweb: Can the Internet be archived?". The New Yorker. Retrieved December 6, 2016. Twitter is a rare case: it has arranged to archive all of its tweets at the Library of Congress. [...] The U.K. has what's known as a legal-deposit law; it requires copies of everything published in Britain to be deposited in the British Library. In 2013, that law was revised to include everything published on the U.K. Web.
^Aaron Levie (September 14, 2011). "Commentary: Why we had to leave Seattle to build Box.net". GeekWire. Retrieved December 1, 2016. Box – which now competes with Redmond's very own Microsoft SharePoint – had been started in early '05 from college dorm rooms in California and North Carolina.
^Frakes, Dan; Griffiths, Rob (October 20, 2005). "The Secrets of Safari". Macworld. Retrieved November 22, 2016. In older versions of Safari, "saving" a Web page saved only its HTML source code; images and other embedded content were lost. Fortunately, Apple fixed this in Safari 2.0: the Save As command includes a Web Archive option, which saves nearly everything on the page, including images.
^Dennis Tsang (January 26, 2006). "Writely - The Web Word Processor". Retrieved December 2, 2016. Writely saves all the revisions each time you edit, so that you can go back and see what has been edited at each revision.
^Jeff Bonwick (October 31, 2005). "ZFS: The Last Word in Filesystems". Jeff Bonwick's Blog. Retrieved November 22, 2016. And today, 10/31/2005, we integrated into Solaris.
^ abHan, Yan (2015). "Cloud storage for digital preservation: optimal uses of Amazon S3 and Glacier". Library Hi Tech. 33 (2): 261–271. doi:10.1108/LHT-12-2014-0118. ISSN0737-8831.
^"About Dropbox". Dropbox, Inc. Retrieved 2013-06-03. Dropbox was founded by Drew Houston and Arash Ferdowsi in 2007, and received seed funding from Y Combinator.
^Newman, Andrew Adam (1 December 2014). "Bitly Helps the Red Cross Get to Hope.ly". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014. Introduced in 2008, Bitly has grown rapidly because, along with shortening URLs for character-limited social media like Twitter, it helps users monitor how others subsequently share the links that they share.
^"Background". Europeana.eu. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011. 2008 Europeana's prototype is launched on November 20th by Viviane Reding, European Commissioner for Information Society and Media, and the President of the Commission, José Manuel Barroso.
^Scott, Jason (January 6, 2009). "Team Archive is GO". ASCII by Jason Scott. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
^"Linux 2 6 29". Linux Kernel Newbies. Retrieved November 22, 2016. Linux 2.6.29 kernel released on 23 March 2009. [...] Btrfs is a new filesystem developed from scratch following the design principles of filesystems like ZFS, WAFL, etc.
^Stone, Biz (April 14, 2010). "Tweet Preservation". Twitter Blog. Retrieved December 5, 2016. It is our pleasure to donate access to the entire archive of public Tweets to the Library of Congress for preservation and research. [...] there are some specifics regarding this arrangement. Only after a six-month delay can the Tweets be used for internal library use, for non-commercial research, public display by the library itself, and preservation.
^"Non-print legal deposit: FAQs". British Library. Retrieved December 6, 2016. As of 6 April 2013, legal deposit also covers material published digitally and online, so that the Legal Deposit Libraries can provide a national archive of the UK's non-print published material, such as websites, blogs, e-journals and CD-ROMs.
