1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale 2Time from first tornado to last tornado
A significant severe weather and tornado outbreak affected multiple regions of the Eastern United States in mid-April 2019. Over the course of 40 hours, 75 tornadoes touched down. The outbreak produced numerous strong tornadoes throughout portions of the Deep South, while additional significant tornadoes occurred as far north as Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. The most significant tornado of the event was a long-tracked, high-end EF3 tornado that struck Alto, Texas and killed two people. Numerous weak tornadoes were also confirmed, along with numerous reports of hail and damaging straight line winds.
A total of nine people were killed during this outbreak of severe weather. Three fatalities occurred as a result of the tornadoes that struck Alto, Texas and Hamilton, Mississippi. In addition, six other non-tornadic fatalities were also associated with this storm event. On April 13, two children aged 3 and 8 were killed in Pollok, Texas after a tree fell on and crushed the vehicle they were riding in. In Louisiana, two more people were killed as a result of flash flooding in Monroe and Bawcomville. On April 14, a rescue worker in Alabama was struck by a vehicle while clearing debris off a roadway, killing him. An additional fatality occurred on April 15 when a tree fell on a home in Stafford, Virginia, killing an occupant.[2]
Meteorological synopsis
April 13
The first indications for an organized severe weather event came on April 9, when the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) outlined a risk area across much of the Ark-La-Tex region.[3] The following day, a broader region for severe thunderstorms was introduced, with a heightened threat level across far eastern Texas into western Mississippi.[4] A day 3 enhanced risk was outlined across those same regions on April 11, although SPC noted concerns about system timing and the availability of instability as numerous storms developed.[5] As weather models came into broad consensus with regard to the potential for discrete supercell thunderstorms and a succeeding squall line, confidence in a significant severe weather outbreak increased, prompting the SPC to issue a day 2 moderate risk across far eastern Texas, northern Louisiana, southeastern Arkansas, and far western Mississippi.[6] The moderate risk was extended eastward on the morning of April 13, and SPC forecasters contemplated issuing a high risk for portions of the area. Ultimately, however, lingering concerns about the longevity of discrete storms precluded such an upgrade.[7][8]
Progression of tornadoes and tornado warnings across the Eastern United States between April 13–April 15
The synoptic scale setup was expected to come together as a vigorous upper-level trough pushed eastward across the Southwest United States into the Southern Plains, developing a closed 500mb low near the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex late on April 13. At the surface, a primary area of low pressure was forecast to develop near San Angelo, Texas, supporting a trailing cold front across central Texas as well as a lifting warm front across the Ark-La-Tex region. Within the warm sector of this low-pressure system, dew points were expected to rise into the upper-60s to near 70 °F, with precipitable water values in excess of 1.5 in (38 mm) and generally low cloud bases. Steep lapse rates were forecast to contribute to mid-level Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) values of 2,500–3,000 J/kg across eastern Texas, with slightly lower values of 1,000–2,000 J/kg over portions of Louisiana and Mississippi. Intense speed and directional shear throughout the entirety of the atmosphere led to large, looping hodographs, and effective storm relative helicity values ranging from 250 to 600 J/kg along and south of the aforementioned warm front as depicted by forecast atmospheric soundings. The culmination of these ingredients was forecast to support an outbreak of supercell thunderstorms across the Moderate risk, with the potential for strong to violent (EF2+) tornadoes with the most sustained cells, followed by the development of an eastward-progressing squall line overnight. As the event itself unfolded, numerous supercell thunderstorms and embedded semi-discrete supercell structures overspread the threat area, resulting in numerous strong tornadoes.[8]
April 14–15
On April 10, the SPC noted the potential for organized severe weather farther east across the United States, encompassing portions of Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida in their day 5 threat area valid for April 14.[4] Minimal changes were made in the next day's outlook,[9] before the outlook was expanded northward into the Ohio Valley, including the introduction of an enhanced risk from central Alabama and Georgia into southern Ohio.[10] Into April 14, as a line of severe thunderstorms shifted eastward across the Southern United States, this Enhanced risk was pushed north to encompass more of the Ohio Valley and portions of the Mid-Atlantic states. This included a large 5% risk area for tornadoes. There, cool morning temperatures were expected to give way to sufficient destabilization, characterized by mid-level CAPE values around 500–1,000 J/kg. Despite an intense low-level jet, dewpoints were only expected to rise into the upper 50s to near 60 °F, mitigating a more substantial tornado threat as severe thunderstorm clusters were forecast to congeal into a squall line overnight. While storm mode during the event was mostly linear, several supercell thunderstorms did develop, resulting in a few significant tornadoes. Numerous circulations and semi-discrete supercell structures embedded within the line of storms produced numerous weak tornadoes as well. Tornado activity continued throughout portions of the Northeastern United States into the early morning hours of April 15 before the outbreak came to an end.[11] One tornado in the Northeast, an EF2 in Delaware, became the strongest tornado in the state since 2004.[12]
A strong tornado caused severe damage in the town of Franklin, where numerous homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. Many well-built frame homes sustained major structural damage, some of which were left with only interior rooms standing. Mobile homes were completely destroyed, vehicles were thrown, pieces of lumber were impaled through the exterior walls of several structures, and many trees in town were snapped and denuded. One duplex, 55 homes, 4 businesses, and two churches were destroyed in Franklin. Elsewhere along the path, minor to moderate tree and structure damage occurred. At least 12 people were injured.[13]
This tornado snapped and uprooted trees and severely damaged a double-wide mobile home, pushing it into a wooded area. Four of its occupants were injured but later released from the hospital.[14]
This tornado initially snapped hundreds of trees before destroying two mobile homes and tearing the roof off of a house. Several vehicles were tossed and damaged as well.[15]
This tornado struck Alto after the previous event lifted. Several homes were significantly damaged in town, including one home that was shifted off of its foundation and largely destroyed. It then passed over the Alto ISD campus, where a gymnasium sustained collapse of a masonry exterior wall. The roofs of other structures on campus were also damaged. Trees were snapped or uprooted as well. The EF3 tornado that hit Alto a couple hours later crossed the damage path of this tornado.[16]
A house had its metal roof torn off, with roofing scattered up to 100 yd (91 m) away. A double-wide mobile home was completely destroyed, trees were snapped and denuded, and vehicles were tossed and damaged.[19]
A large, rain-wrapped, high-end EF1 wedge tornado destroyed one mobile home while rolling a second. An empty fertilizer tank and farm equipment tires were lofted a considerable distance. An older home had its roof ripped off and several other houses suffered lesser roof damage as well. Some outbuildings and mobile homes were damaged, including a few that were pushed off their cinder blocks. Many trees were snapped or uprooted.[23]
This was the first of three strong tornadoes that touched down in Vicksburg. Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted in subdivisions at the northeastern edge of town, some of which fell on homes and power lines. The most intense damage occurred farther along the path, where several power poles and numerous large trees were snapped at their bases.[27]
This was the second of three strong tornadoes that touched down in Vicksburg. At the beginning of the path, plants and materials were damaged at a Walmart. A strip mall had much of its roof torn off and its front windows and doors blown outward. A large metal Taco Bell sign pole was bent over nearby. The roof of another business, the canopy of a Kroger gas station, a nearby sign, and several trees were damaged as well.[28]
This tornado struck Vicksburg immediately after the previous one. The roof of a home was ripped off, collapsing the front facade of the structure. A small business building suffered minor roof damage. Numerous trees were snapped and uprooted, one of which caused extensive damage to a home upon falling.[29]
A tornado touched down to the south of Mathison, where a small shed was damaged and numerous trees and tree limbs were snapped. One tree fell on and destroyed a truck. Additional tree limbs were snapped in Mathison before the tornado dissipated.[36]
One mobile home lost its skirting while a second had its porch covering and tin roof ripped off. Debris from the second home was tossed into a third mobile home, causing the door to fly open and resulting in one injury. A carport and some of the tin roof of one home was removed, while a metal shed had its roof ripped off too.[38]
A tornado snapped and uprooted numerous trees, with several falling on a house, truck, and camper. More were blown down on a horse barn, which was destroyed. At peak intensity, the tornado snapped almost a dozen power poles, caused significant tree damage, and completely destroyed a mobile home. Many houses sustained roof damage due to both wind and falling trees, and a church had moderate shingle damage.[39]
This tornado snapped and uprooted several trees throughout its path, including at the Mississippi State University campus. Several homes sustained roof and shingle damage, one of which had a tree fall on it.[40]
1 death – This strong tornado rapidly developed and intensified before striking Hamilton at high-end EF2 strength, causing major damage to homes and other structures. Several frame homes were left with only interior rooms standing, and mobile homes were destroyed, along with a fire station building. A mechanic shop, apartment complex, self-storage building, local clinic, and the Monroe County Morgue were all damaged or destroyed. Power lines were downed, and outbuildings were destroyed as well. A tree fell on a mobile home outside of Hamilton, killing the occupant. Elsewhere, minor structural damage occurred, and trees were snapped or uprooted along the path. 19 people were injured.[41]
Numerous large trees were uprooted or snapped near their bases, some of which fell on hunting cabins and mobile homes, causing minor or moderate damage. A large outbuilding had its tin roof peeled off, with sheet metal strewn downwind and wrapped around trees.[42]
This tornado tracked through wooded areas and downed numerous trees. A few homes sustained roof damage as well.[43] In a later analysis, published in the Monthly Weather Review, it was noted “this tornado produced forest devastation and electrical infrastructure damage up to at least EF4 intensity”. Near the end of the report, it was stated that this was “a violent tornado, potentially even EF5 intensity.”[44]
Several trees were snapped or uprooted. A private property suffered roof damage. Two metal high tension power line V-trusses were toppled. A chain link fence was downed as well.[45]
A home sustained minor shingle damage and numerous trees were snapped or uprooted. One tree was blown over onto an old church building, causing the structure to collapse.[46]
A barn and a wooden outbuilding were damaged, and a tree was blown over onto a house. Tin from a nearby outbuilding was scattered several hundred yards away. Throughout its path, this tornado snapped and uprooted numerous trees.[49]
A shed was destroyed. A trailer was knocked over at a church, significant portions of metal roofing were ripped from two more sheds and a barn, and numerous trees were snapped or uprooted. A home suffered minor damage to its shingles and overhangs as well.[50]
A tornado moved through the Aycock Heights subdivision, damaging roofs and destroying several unanchored outbuildings and sheds. The tornado damaged a billboard, inflicted minor roof damage on a home nearby, and flipped an RV on its side. Many trees were also uprooted or snapped.[51]
This tornado touched down over inaccessible land just north of the Bibb County line. The roof was removed from a barn, shingles were peeled off a house, and another house also sustained roof damage. Many trees were either snapped or uprooted, with some blocking roads and one killing a cow.[52]
A high-end EF1 tornado caused extensive roof damage and shifted the wall of a house. At one house, a roof was lifted into the air then placed back on top of the house, causing roof and siding damage as well as blown out windows. Some tree damage also occurred.[53]
A farm shed suffered minor structural damage. Several homes sustained damage to their roofs and siding, including one that saw two out of three of its support columns for the carport pulled out, resulting in partial roof failure. Trees were damaged.[54]
Some homes sustained roof and gutter damage, fences and an outdoor grill were blown over, and a church sustained minor damage. Trees were snapped or uprooted, one of which landed on a vehicle.[55]
One home had a portion of its wooden fence broken, with plywood, shingles, and tools lofted nearby. A second home suffered more severe damage, with the roof significantly damaged, including a small portion of the roof to an upstairs room that was ripped off. Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted, and additional fences were destroyed.[56]
One home had minor trim damage, while a few others sustained considerable roof, window, and exterior wall damage, including one poorly-anchored home that was shifted off of its foundation. A car was moved from it original location, and trees were downed. Some outbuildings were destroyed, and a dock on the Coosa River was damaged.[57]
This tornado struck a mobile home park in town, moving about a dozen mobile homes off their foundations and rolling several others multiple times. Two cars were rolled at this location. Several businesses suffered damage, and large amounts of sheet metal was wrapped around power lines. Multiple homes had minor roof damage, and power poles and trees were snapped.[60]
A tornado inflicted substantial roof damage to the Phenix City Water Treatment facility and uprooted or snapped several trees. It crossed the Chattahoochee River into Georgia and struck Columbus, where a gas station had its metal roof damaged and several gas pumps knocked out. Metal panels were pulled from a one-story metal warehouse building as well.[61][62]
Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted. A house suffered minor shingle damage and its carport was damaged by a fallen tree. Utility poles were snapped as well.[65][66]
Three homes sustained major roof damage as a result of this high-end EF1 tornado. Debris was lofted into treetops, and numerous trees were snapped or uprooted.[68]
This tornado struck the northwestern edge of Springfield, where several mobile homes suffered roof and awning damage at a mobile home park. One mobile home had its roof torn off and thrown 150 yd (140 m), with insulation scattered into nearby treetops. Two semi-trailers were blown over at an industrial facility, and soccer nets were blown over at a soccer field. Trees and fences were downed as well.[69]
A strong tornado impacted the southern fringes of Shelby, where a Chevrolet dealership sustained roof loss and collapse of multiple cinder block exterior walls. Vehicles were damaged in the parking lot, and metal light poles were bent to the ground. A nearby warehouse building had metal roofing peeled off as well. Homes along the path sustained partial to total roof loss, one of which sustained some collapse of exterior walls. Barns were destroyed, and trees and power poles were snapped. 6 people were injured.[70]
A high-end EF2 tornado caused significant damage in Starbrick, where large metal buildings were completely destroyed at a lumber company. Several other buildings sustained extensive damage, and a boat was lifted off the ground. The tornado then struck North Warren, where multiple homes were damaged, and trees were downed. A communications tower was toppled to the ground in the Scandia area before the tornado dissipated.[77]
Hundreds of trees were snapped or uprooted. This is the first tornado in the Greenville County mountains since official recordkeeping began in 1950.[78]
Two large metal barns sustained significant roof or wall damage. One home had a small cinderblock wall collapsed while a second suffered damage to a single wall. A metal road sign was snapped at its base, free-standing carports were lofted, and the roof rack of an SUV was detached and thrown several hundred feet. Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted, one of which fell on a home.[79]
Numerous homes suffered minor to moderate roof and shingle damage. Dozens of large trees were snapped or uprooted, including some that fell on homes. A tramopline was lifted hundreds of feet into the air, and a garage was collapsed on to three vehicles inside.[80]
A strong tornado caused considerable damage in Benton, where approximately 50 homes and businesses were damaged, including one well-constructed home that had its roof torn off. Nine trailers sustained significant damage as well. Two people were injured.[82]
This tornado touched down near Worlds End State Park, where it snapped or uprooted numerous trees. A barn was destroyed at a farm as well. It then moved directly into Dushore, where 7 to 8 homes and a church steeple were moderately damaged.[83]
A building had a part of its tin roof peeled back and a grain bin was damaged. One double-wide manufactured home suffered major damage to its roof and partial damage to a couple of its exterior walls, while a second sustained minor roof damage. Several trees were severely damaged as well.[87]
Numerous homes were damaged along the path, some of which had roofs or exterior walls ripped off. Barns, garages, and irrigation systems were destroyed, and many trees were snapped or uprooted. Power poles were snapped, and an Utz Quality Foods warehouse was badly damaged. One person was injured.[90]
This long-tracked, high-end EF3 tornado touched down east-northeast of Crockett, Texas in Houston County at 1:00 p.m. CDT (1:00 UTC), downing numerous trees at EF1 intensity as it tracked to the northeast through the Davy Crockett National Forest. The tornado intensified to low-end EF3 strength as it passed near Weches, where a large swath of trees was flattened and an anchored double-wide manufactured home was thrown 150 yd (140 m) and obliterated, killing the occupant. Continuing into Cherokee County, the tornado maintained its strength as it closely followed SH 21 and struck the rural community of Weeping Mary, where approximately 20 homes and mobile homes were severely damaged or destroyed. The roof and exterior walls of the Caddo Mounds State Historic Site museum were destroyed while people were running inside for safety, resulting in several injuries and another fatality. Several well-built homes and a brick church sustained total roof and exterior wall loss in this area, trees were denuded and partially debarked, and vehicles were thrown up to 200 yd (180 m). Some outbuildings were damaged or destroyed as well. High-end EF3 damage occurred as the tornado then struck the town of Alto, where a two-story brick home was swept from its foundation, with the first floor completely destroyed and the second floor left partially intact and displaced downwind from the foundation. Metal power poles were bent in half, and several other homes and mobile homes in and around town were damaged or destroyed. Alto had already sustained damage from a separate EF2 tornado that struck the town earlier in the day.[20][92]
The tornado exited Alto and continued to the northeast, where numerous trees were snapped, denuded, and partially debarked at low-end EF3 intensity. A home in this area had half of its second story torn off, and a second home was shifted off of its foundation and lost much of its roof. Damage to these two structures was rated EF2. Farther along the path, EF1 tree damage occurred as the tornado moved through sparsely populated wooded areas. The tornado then struck the small town of Sacul at EF1 strength, where trees and power poles were downed, headstones were shifted at a cemetery in town, and a flagpole was bent over. A frame home lost a large portion of its roof, and several trees were blown over onto the structure. Past Sacul, the tornado began moving nearly due-north as it approached and crossed into Rusk County. A final area of significant damage occurred near the county line east-southeast of Reklaw, where a well-built home had a large portion of its roof torn off at EF2 intensity. The tornado continued through southwestern Rusk County before it weakened and dissipated at 2:00 p.m. CDT (19:00 UTC), after downing additional trees at EF0 to EF1 intensity. Along the entirety of its path, this tornado snapped, debarked, or uprooted thousands of trees.[20][92]
Remaining on the ground for 60 minutes, the tornado traveled 41.13 miles (66.19 km) and achieved a maximum path width of 880 yards (800 m), resulting in two deaths and at least 20 injuries.[20]
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^"Pennsylvania Event Report: EF0 Tornado" (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
^"Pennsylvania Event Report: EF2 Tornado" (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in State College, Pennsylvania. 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
^"South Carolina Event Report: EF1 Tornado" (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Greenville-Spartanburg, South Carolina. 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
^"Georgia Event Report: EF0 Tornado" (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Greenville-Spartanburg, South Carolina. 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
^"Georgia Event Report: EF1 Tornado" (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Greenville-Spartanburg, South Carolina. 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
^"Pennsylvania Event Report: EF1 Tornado" (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in State College, Pennsylvania. 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
^"Pennsylvania Event Report: EF2 Tornado" (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in State College, Pennsylvania. 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
^"Pennsylvania Event Report: EF1 Tornado" (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in State College, Pennsylvania. 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
^"New York Event Report: EF1 Tornado" (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Binghamton, New York. 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
^"Pennsylvania Event Report: EF0 Tornado" (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Binghamton, New York. 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
^"Pennsylvania Event Report: EF1 Tornado" (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Binghamton, New York. 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
^"North Carolina Event Report: EF0 Tornado" (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Raleigh, North Carolina. 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
^"Virginia Event Report: EF0 Tornado" (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Wakefield, Virginia. 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
^"Maryland Event Report: EF0 Tornado" (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Wakefield, Virginia. 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
^"Delaware Event Report: EF2 Tornado" (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Mount Holly/Philadelphia, New Jersey. 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
^"Delaware Event Report: EF1 Tornado" (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Mount Holly/Philadelphia, New Jersey. 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
