Toʻrtkoʻl

Toʻrtkoʻl

Tórtkúl/Төрткүл (Karakalpak)
Toʻrtkoʻl/Тўрткўл (Uzbek)
Турткуль (Russian)
Toʻrtkoʻl Tórtkúl/Төрткүл (Karakalpak); Toʻrtkoʻl/Тўрткўл (Uzbek); Турткуль (Russian);
	Toʻrtkoʻl Location in Uzbekistan
	Coordinates: 41°33′N 61°00′E / 41.550°N 61.000°E
Country	Uzbekistan
Autonomous Republic	Karakalpakstan
District	Toʻrtkoʻl District
Elevation	85 m (279 ft)
Population (2023)
• City	225.635
• Urban	84.841

Toʻrtkoʻl (Uzbek: Toʻrtkoʻl/Тўрткўл; Karakalpak: Tórtkúl/Төрткүл, also spelled as Turtkul (Russian: Турткуль), is a city in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan and the administrative center of the Toʻrtkoʻl District.^[2] Its population is 58,200 (2016).^[3]

History

The city was founded as a Russian garrison after the Khivan campaign of 1873 and before 1920 was known as Petroaleksandrovsk (Russian: Петро-Александровск). It was then a major jewelry producing center of Uzbekistan,^[4] and was equipped with telegraph in 1913 and with a radio station in 1922; the station began regular translations in 1930.^[5]

In 1932, the city was renamed to Turtkul (from Turkish törtkül meaning square^[6]) and between 1932 and 1939 was the capital of the newly formed autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan. The city was located near the major Amu Darya River, which is known for having significantly altered its flow path several times in its history. In 1932, the Amu Darya once more changed direction and flooded Turtkul. This and past damage by the Amu Darya prompted the authorities to move the capital of Karakalpakstan over 170 km to Nukus in 1939.^[7]^[8] The river banks were reinforced, stopping further flooding. However, in 1942, the river suddenly flowed towards Turtkul, destroying it overnight.^[9]^[10] Consequently, in 1949 Turtkul was relocated.^[7]

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1959	10,500	—
1970	18,300	+5.18%
1975	22,000	+3.75%
1990	40,000	+4.07%
1995	45,000	+2.38%
2000	48,600	+1.55%
2016	58,200	+1.13%
Source: ^[3]^[7]

Climate

Toʻrtkoʻl has a cold desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWk). The climate is continental, arid and hot. The coldest month is January with the average temperature of −25 °C (−13 °F) and the hottest month is July with an average temperature of 45 °C (113 °F). The annual average is 12.4 °C (54.3 °F). Annual precipitation is 97 mm; it is the highest in March at about 20 mm and is nearly zero between July and September.^[11]^[12] The evaporation exceeds precipitation on average by 36 times and sometimes up to 270 times.^[13]

Economy

The city has a cotton processing factory, a reinforced concrete plant, an asphalt plant and an external section of Nukus Medical School.

Notable person

Tuti Yusupova, longevity claimant, died in 2015, possibly 134 years old.

References

^ Узбекистан: Справочник Турткуль и Турткульский район Archived 2010-09-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Classification system of territorial units of the Republic of Uzbekistan" (in Uzbek and Russian). The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics. July 2020.
^ ^a ^b Soliyev, A.S. Shaharlar geografiyasi [Geography of cities] (PDF) (in Uzbek). p. 143.
^ Chahryar Adle et al. (2005) History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the contemporary period : from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century, Volume 6 of History of Civilizations of Central Asia, UNESCO ISBN 92-3-103985-7, p. 632
^ History of communication in Uzbekistan^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Bertold Spuler, F.R.C Bagley The Muslim world : a historical survey, Part 4, ISBN 90-04-06196-7 p. 151
^ ^a ^b ^c Турткуль, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
^ Нукус, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
^ V. A. Mezentsev (1988). Энциклопедия чудес. Vol. 1. Обычное в необычном (Encyclopedia of wonders. Usual within unusual) (in Russian). Moscow: Znanie.
^ A.B. Avakyan, M. H. Istomina (2001). "Природные причины наводнений (Natural causes of floods)". Энергия (in Russian). 4.
^ Maria Shahgedanova (2002) The physical geography of northern Eurasia, Volume 3 of Oxford regional environments, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823384-1 p. 269
^ Robert E. Gabler et al. (2008) Physical Geography, ISBN 0-495-55506-1 p. 246
^ Kenneth Walton (2007) The Arid Zones, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 0-202-30928-2, p. 37

[1] Узбекистан: Справочник Турткуль и Турткульский район Archived 2010-09-13 at the Wayback Machine

[class-2] "Classification system of territorial units of the Republic of Uzbekistan" (in Uzbek and Russian). The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics. July 2020.

[shaharlar-3] Soliyev, A.S. Shaharlar geografiyasi [Geography of cities] (PDF) (in Uzbek). p. 143.

[4] Chahryar Adle et al. (2005) History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the contemporary period : from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century, Volume 6 of History of Civilizations of Central Asia, UNESCO ISBN 92-3-103985-7, p. 632

[5] History of communication in Uzbekistan^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[6] Bertold Spuler, F.R.C Bagley The Muslim world : a historical survey, Part 4, ISBN 90-04-06196-7 p. 151

[bse-7] Турткуль, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)

[8] Нукус, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)

[9] V. A. Mezentsev (1988). Энциклопедия чудес. Vol. 1. Обычное в необычном (Encyclopedia of wonders. Usual within unusual) (in Russian). Moscow: Znanie.

[10] A.B. Avakyan, M. H. Istomina (2001). "Природные причины наводнений (Natural causes of floods)". Энергия (in Russian). 4.

[11] Maria Shahgedanova (2002) The physical geography of northern Eurasia, Volume 3 of Oxford regional environments, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823384-1 p. 269

[12] Robert E. Gabler et al. (2008) Physical Geography, ISBN 0-495-55506-1 p. 246

[13] Kenneth Walton (2007) The Arid Zones, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 0-202-30928-2, p. 37

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