Xenungulata

Xenungulata; Temporal range: Late Paleocene-Early Eocene; (Riochican-Casamayoran); ~58.6–48.7 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Interpretation of Carodnia vieirai
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Placentalia
Clade:	†Meridiungulata
Order:	†Xenungulata; Paula Couto 1952
Family and genera
	†Carodniidae; Paula Couto 1952 †Carodnia; Simpson 1935; †Etayoa; Villarroel 1987; †Rodcania; Gelfo, García-López & Bergqvist 2020; †Notoetayoa; Gelfo, López & Bond 2008; ;

Xenungulata ("strange ungulates") is an order of extinct and primitive South American hoofed mammals that lived from the Late Paleocene to Early Eocene (Itaboraian to Casamayoran in the SALMA classification). Fossils of the order are known from deposits in Brazil, Argentina, Peru,^[4] and Colombia. The best known member of this enigmatic order is the genus Carodnia, a tapir-like and -sized animal with a gait similar to living African elephants.^[5]

Description

Xenungulates are characterized by bilophodont M^1–2 and M_1–2, similar to pyrotheres, and complex lophate third molars, similar to uintatheres. Though other relationships, to arctocyonids for example, have been suggested, no proofs thereof have been found. The foot bones of xenungulates were short and robust and their digits terminated in broad, flat, and unfissured hoof-like unguals, quite unlike any other meridiungulates. The discovery of Etayoa in Colombia^[6] made it clear that xenungulates are distinct from other groups: Etayoa lacks lophate molar talonid (in contrast to Carodnia) and, since no distinct lophodonty is present in basal pyrotheres, there is reason to assume that bilophodonty evolved separately in xenungulates and pyrotheres. Xenungulates also show some dental similarity to primitive astrapotheres.^[7]

Taxonomy

Cifelli 1983 grouped Carodnia with pyrotheres based on a similarity in astragalus morphology, but later concluded that this observation was incorrect.^[8]

Notoetayoa is most closely related to Etayoa.^[9]

Distribution

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Locations of Xenungulata fossils

Bogotá Formation

Peñas Coloradas Formation

Mogollón Formation

Itaboraí Formation

Xenungulata fossils have been found in:^[10]

Bogotá Formation, Casamayoran, Colombia
Peñas Coloradas Formation, Riochican, Argentina
Mogollón Formation, Itaboraian-Riochican, Peru
Itaboraí Formation, Itaboraian, Brazil

References

^ Carodniidae in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved May 2013.
^ Gelfo, Javier N.; García-López, Daniel A.; Bergqvist, Lilian P. (2020). "Phylogenetic relationships and palaeobiology of a new xenungulate (Mammalia: Eutheria) from the Palaeogene of Argentina". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (12): 993–1007. doi:10.1080/14772019.2020.1715496. S2CID 213052956.
^ "Xenungulata". Palaeocritti. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
^ Antoine et al. 2015
^ Fariña, Vizcaíno & De Iuliis 2013, p. 86
^ Villarroel 1987
^ Rose 2006, Xenungulata, p. 238
^ Gingerich 1985, p. 131
^ Gelfo, López & Bond 2008, Abstract
^ Xenungulata at Fossilworks.org

Bibliography

Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Billet, Guillaume; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada Lara, Julia; Baby, Patrice; Brusset, Stéphane; Espurt, Nicolas (2015). "A New Carodnia Simpson, 1935 (Mammalia, Xenungulata) from the Early Eocene of Northwestern Peru and a Phylogeny of Xenungulates at Species Level". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 22 (2): 129–140. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
Cifelli, Richard (1983). "Eutherian tarsals from the late Paleocene of Brazil". American Museum Novitates (2761). hdl:2246/5252. OCLC 10601277.Cifelli 1983
Fariña, Richard A.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; De Iuliis, Gerry (2013). Megafauna: Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253007193. OCLC 779244424. Retrieved 4 May 2013.Fariña, Vizcaíno & De Iuliis 2013
Gelfo, Javier N.; López, Guillermo M.; Bond, Mariano (2008). "A new Xenungulata (Mammalia) from the Paleocene of Patagonia Argentina". Journal of Paleontology. 82 (2): 329–35. doi:10.1666/06-099.1. OCLC 4631927277. S2CID 131263926.Gelfo, López & Bond 2008
Gingerich, Philip D. (1985). "South American Mammals in the Paleocene of North America" (PDF). In Stehli, Francis G.; Webb, S. David (eds.). The Great American Biotic Interchange. Topics in Geobiology. Vol. 4. Springer. pp. 123–137. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-9181-4_5. ISBN 978-1-4684-9183-8. OCLC 716806225. Retrieved 4 May 2013.Gingerich 1985
Rose, Kenneth David (2006). The beginning of the age of mammals. Baltimore: JHU Press. ISBN 978-0801884726.Rose 2006
Paula Couto, Carlos, de (1952). "Fossil mammals from the beginning of the Cenozoic in Brazil. Condylarthra, Litopterna, Xenungulata, and Astrapotheria". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 99: 355–394. hdl:2246/417. OCLC 18189741.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Paula Couto 1952
Simpson, George Gaylord (1935). "Descriptions of the oldest known South American mammals, from the Río Chico Formation". American Museum Novitates. Publications of the Scarritt Expeditions, no. 24 (793). hdl:2246/2125. OCLC 44083494.Simpson 1935
Villarroel, Carlos (1987). "Características y afinidades de Etayoa n. gen., tipo de una nueva familia de Xenungulata (Mammalia) del Paleoceno medio (¿) de Colombia". Comunicaciones Paleontologicas del Museo de Historia Natural del Montevideo. 1 (19): 241–253. OCLC 18731966.Villarroel 1987

[1] Carodniidae in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved May 2013.

[2] Gelfo, Javier N.; García-López, Daniel A.; Bergqvist, Lilian P. (2020). "Phylogenetic relationships and palaeobiology of a new xenungulate (Mammalia: Eutheria) from the Palaeogene of Argentina". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (12): 993–1007. doi:10.1080/14772019.2020.1715496. S2CID 213052956.

[3] "Xenungulata". Palaeocritti. Retrieved 4 May 2013.

[Antoine2015-4] Antoine et al. 2015

[5] Fariña, Vizcaíno & De Iuliis 2013, p. 86

[6] Villarroel 1987

[Rose-2006-7] Rose 2006, Xenungulata, p. 238

[8] Gingerich 1985, p. 131

[9] Gelfo, López & Bond 2008, Abstract

[10] Xenungulata at Fossilworks.org

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