Caboloan

Kingdom of Caboloan Luyag na Caboloan
before 1406–1587
Capital	Binalatongan
Common languages	Pangasinan language
Religion	Animism
Government	Monarchy
Ari
• 16th century–1587	Ari Kasikis (disputed)
History
• Established	before 1406
• Integration into the Spanish East Indies	1587
Population
• Census	3,200 (1591)
Succeeded by Captaincy General of the Philippines Pangasinan
Today part of	Philippines

Part of a series on the
History of the Philippines
Timeline
Prehistoric period (pre-900) Early hominin activity Homo luzonensis Tabon Man Austronesian expansion Angono Petroglyphs Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens Sa Huỳnh culture Precolonial barangay Maritime Silk Road Events/Artifacts Balangay Cordillera Rice Terraces Grave goods Kalanay Cave Maitum anthropomorphic pottery Manunggul Jar Prehistoric beads Shell tools
Precolonial period (900–1565) Historically documented states/polities (north to south) Pangasinan (historical polity) Caboloan Cainta Tondo Namayan Maynila Kumintang Ibalon Ma-i Pulilu Sandao Madja-as Cebu Bo-ol Butuan Sanmalan Sultanate of Maguindanao Sultanate of Buayan Sultanates of Lanao Sultanate of Sulu Events/Artifacts Maragtas Laguna Copperplate Inscription Butuan Ivory Seal Limestone tombs of Kamhantik Kabayan Mummies Baybayin Batanes Ijang fortresses Golden Tara of Agusan Monreal Stones Butuan Silver Paleograph Piloncitos Barter rings Luzones Magellan expedition Battle of Mactan
Spanish colonial period (1565–1898) Events Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi Sandugo Treaty of Cebu Blockade of Cebu Spanish capture of Manila Battle of Bangkusay New Spain Spanish East Indies Captaincy General Tondo Conspiracy Manila galleon Revolts and uprisings Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization Spanish–Moro conflict Battles of La Naval de Manila British invasion Propaganda Movement 1872 Cavite mutiny La Liga Filipina Katipunan Cry of Pugad Lawin Philippine Revolution Tejeros Convention Republic of Biak-na-Bato Spanish–American War Treaty of Paris (1898) Battle of Manila Bay Declaration of Independence American capture of Manila Malolos Congress First Republic Philippine–American War Artifacts Boxer Codex Doctrina Christiana UST Baybayin Documents Velarde map
American colonial period (1898–1946) Tagalog Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Military Government Moro Rebellion Insular Government Jones Law Tydings–McDuffie Act Commonwealth World War II Japanese occupation Battle of Bataan Battle of Corregidor Second Republic Philippine resistance Hukbalahap Battle of Leyte Gulf Philippines campaign
Post-independence (1946–1965) Third Republic Treaty of Manila Mutual Defense Treaty Hukbalahap Rebellion Filipino First policy North Borneo dispute
Marcos era (1965–1986) Communist rebellion Moro conflict Martial law Fourth Republic People Power Revolution
Contemporary period (1986–present) Fifth Republic 1997 Asian financial crisis 2000 campaign against the MILF 2nd People Power Revolution EDSA III Oakwood mutiny Philippine drug war Territorial disputes Siege of Marawi Bangsamoro COVID-19 pandemic
By topic Ancient religions Rulers Queen consorts Administrative divisions Agriculture Archaeology Communications Conflicts Cultural achievements Diet and health Education Economy Geography Historiography Languages Medicine Military Names Politics Science and technology World Heritage Sites
Philippines portal
v t e

Part of a series on the
Pre-colonial history of the Philippines
Social classes Ruling class (Maginoo, Ginu, Tumao) Apo, Datu Bagani Lakan Panglima Rajah Sultan Thimuay Middle class Timawa Maharlika Commoners, serfs, and slaves Aliping namamahay Alipin sa gigilid Bulisik Bulislis Horohan Uripon
Political entities Luzon Caboloan Cainta Ibalon Kumintang Ma-i Maynila Namayan Pangasinan Pulilu Sandao Tondo Visayas Cebu Bo-ol/Dapitan Madja-as Mindanao Buayan Butuan Kumalarang Lanao Maguindanao Sanmalan Sulu
Key figures Agustin de Legazpi Azim ud-Din I of Sulu Batarah Shah Tengah Datu Daya Datu Sikatuna Dayang Kalangitan Dimasangcay Adel Dayang Sasaban Gat Pangil Gugu Sarikula Jayadewa Kamal ud-Din Laut Buisan Lakandula Lapulapu Magat Salamat Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram Muhammad Kudarat Sultan Muwallil Wasit Rajah Humabon Rajah Lontok Rajah Matanda Rajah Salalila Rajah Sulayman Rajah Tupas Regimo Diraja Kabungsuwan Sharif ul-Hāshim Sri Lumay Tarik Sulayman Urduja
Primary sources and artifacts Boxer Codex Butuan Ivory Seal Laguna Copperplate Inscription Monreal Stones The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898
By topic Cultural achievements Historiography Monarchs consorts Paramount rulers Religion Warfare
See also: History of the Philippines
v t e

Luyag na Caboloan, known simply as Caboloan, alternatively as Binalatongan, was a sovereign pre-colonial Philippine polity (panarian) situated near the Agno River delta, centered around Binalatongan (modern-day San Carlos). It was reportedly the largest settlement in the entire Pangasinan region.^[1][2][3]

Caboloan refers to the place where there is an abundance of bolo (Gigantochloa levis), a species of bamboo that abounds at the interior plains of Pangasinan. The term Caboloan has been supplanted by the Spanish Augustinian missionaries from the settlement of Bolinao, who named the entire region from the Lingayen Gulf coastline and the interior as ‘Pangasinan’, which included the region around Binalatongan.^{[2]: 375–380}

It was also known as Luyag na Caboloan, which literally means ‘place known as Caboloan’,^[2]: 380 or as ‘luyag ed dapit-ilog’ (a place near the river), while Pangasinan at the coast of Lingayen Gulf were known as ‘luyag ed dapit-baybay’ (place near the coast).^[2]: 381

The word Caboloan was first cited in Fr. Mariano Pellicer's book, Arte de la Lengua Pangasinana o Caboloan (1840), which was based on an earlier grammar book in the 1690 by an anonymous author. The term Caboloan remained in use to refer to the interior of Pangasinan until the 19th century.^[2]: 381

Caboloan was also alternatively referred to as simply ‘Binalatongan’, which came from the root word balatong (mung beans).^[2]: 383

Caboloan's capital, Binalatongan (modern-day San Carlos), located near the Agno River delta, was said to be the largest settlement in the entire region, with over two thousand houses.^[1]: 248 Historically, the community of Binalatongan was called Sapan Palapar (wide river), which referred to the Agno River.^[2]: 381

According to Baldomero Pulido's doctoral dissertation as well as Restituto Basa, Caboloan was a ‘kingdom’ ruled by a man named Ari Kasikis, while Pangasinan was ruled by Ari Kasilag. This ruler was also mentioned in the census of 1918, 1920 and by the history book ‘History of Lingayen’ (1957) by Santiago S. Velasquez.^[2]: 381 According to local legend, the kingdom was said to have spanned Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, La Union, Mountain Province and Pangasinan.^[4] However, historian Erwin Fernandez (2010) notes that:

“Pangasinan history writers had propagated the names Kasilag and Kasikis as the two kings ruling in the coastal and interior communities contemporaneous with Rajahs Soliman and Lakandula but this contact period account did not cite any of these names. The reason might have been the 1920 source, on which these authors had relied, which mentioned Kasikis – the Census of the Philippine Islands…in the year 1918. Without going to the original sources, historical writers with the exception of historians are liable to writing fiction, not history. This situation similarly applies to the search for the founding date of Pangasinan. Kasikis and Kasilag might be another Urduja or Thalamasin."^[3]: 190

After the conquest of Pangasinan by Juan de Salcedo in 1572, the encomienda of Pangasinan was founded as an encomienda. However this did not yet include Caboloan.^[5]

In 1574, the Chinese pirate Limahong landed in Pangasinan to establish his own kingdom. In reaction, the Spaniards landed at San Fabian on 23 March 1575. Afterwards, it was said that the Spaniards climbed at the foot of the Zambales Mountains to observe the kingdom of Ari Kasikis, where they witnessed a highly organized animistic ritual.^[4][5]

In 1587, Binalatongan was founded by Spanish Dominicans as well as Augustinian missionaries such as Fr. Francisco dela Rama who evangelized the natives and established a church known as the Saint Dominic Church. It was reported to be the first town founded by the Dominicans in the Philippines. The mission of Binalatongan was officially accepted as a vicariate of the Dominican Order in its First Provincial Chapter in 1588, with Fr. Bernardo de Santa Catalina, OP, as its first Vicar (equivalent to the office of the parish priest), together with Fr. Juan de Castro, OP, Fr. Marcos de San Antonio, and Bro. Juan Deza, OP as his assistants.^[4]

At the start of the foundation, Binalatongan formerly included the towns of Calasiao, Binmaley, Bayambang, Malasiqui, Aguilar, San Carlos City, Urbiztondo, and Basista.^[4]

In a letter of Fr. Diego de Rojas to the colonial governor in 29 March 1591, that the people of Caboloan preferred to dwell into the interior rather than settle at the royal encomiendas at the coasts, which were sandy and not suitable for their lifestyle.^[2]: 382

In a 1591 report about the various encomiendas of the archipelago, it was reported that Binalatongan had a population of around 3,200 people in total.^[3]

In 1611, the province of Pangasinan was made, annexing both the settlements around the Lingayen Gulf excluding Bolinao, as well as the interior settlements, which included Binalatongan, ending its independence as a politically separate territory from Pangasinan.^[5]

During the mid Spanish period, Binalatongan was well known as a site of many rebellions within Pangasinan, which included the revolts of Don Andres Malong (1660) and Juan de la Cruz Palaris (1762) during the Seven Years’ War.^[4]

On 4 November 1718, in the aftermath of the rebellious period, the capital of Binalatongan would be transferred in what is now known as the poblacion of San Carlos, in which the town would also be renamed the same date.^[4]

The people of Caboloan and the people of Pangasinan belonged to a single ethnic group, which is contemporarily referred to simply as ‘Pangasinan’. Similar to other chiefdoms in Pangasinan, the people of Caboloan were also known for their warrior culture. They worshipped Apolaki, the ‘God of War’, who, according to Aduarte, scolded the people for “receiving foreigners with white teeth”, as blackening their teeth was one of their customs. The people of Caboloan also performed tagams (war dances), and were also known as raiders or mangangayaw.^[1]: 249

Similar to other cultures in the Philippine Archipelago, they also worshipped anitos and had female shamans. Mourning rites also required human sacrifice and adultery was strictly punished.^{[1]: 249 [6]: 8}

Caboloan was reliant on its bamboo, hence the name of the state. It traded bamboo, beeswax and other forest products with the coastal settlements in exchange for salt and other items coming from the trade with the Ming Chinese. The river Agno was a well-used river for trade, commerce and transport of goods from one place to another. The Agno flows from the interior and into the river delta.^{[2]: 382 [3]}

While disadvantaged with the lack of maritime commerce, Caboloan had an abundance of water supply and arable land, as well as other raw materials. Hence they were referred to as better developed than their coastal counterparts.^[2]: 383 They were also known for trading with the Chinese, the Japanese and Indians. It is said that by the time that the Spaniards had arrived, that the people of Caboloan were already wearing gold jewelry and had a well-developed system of agriculture and farming methods.^[4]

• San Carlos, Pangasinan
• Pangasinan (historical polity)
• Pangasinan
• Pangasinan language
• Tawalisi

14°37′8″N 120°57′58″E / 14.61889°N 120.96611°E / 14.61889; 120.96611