The steps used to produce the cinematic rendering are similar to the ones for the volume rendering:[1]
the magnitude (gray) value of each voxel (3-dimensional pixel) produced during the scan is mapped into the color and opacity pair based on what structures need to be highlighted or hidden;
ray casting used for volume rendering, where each pixel in the 2D image is formed by a single ray of light, is replaced by path tracing with a global illumination model that integrates over all the illuminance arriving to every single point on the surface of an object.
Since the number of light paths in this technique is nearly unlimited, a finite randomized selection of the paths and importance sampling are used to imitate the real-life propagation of light, scattering, and reflection using models build on real-life data. The result is a photorealistic image.[1]
Applications in medical education
Cinematic rendering is not approved for the clinical use.[1]
Cinematic rendering technology is currently applied as a virtual educational method at specialized facilities, institutions, and centers to teach the subject of anatomy[2] to both medical students and other healthcare professions, for example, at the JKU Faculty of Medicine at the Johannes Kepler University Linz, and for post-graduate programs in clinical areas as well as medical assistant professions.
Eid, Marwen; De Cecco, Carlo N.; Nance Jr, John W.; Caruso, Damiano; Albrecht, Moritz H; Spandorfer, Adam J; De Santis, Domenico; Varga-Szemes, Akos; Schoepf, U Joseph (2017-05-15). "Cinematic Rendering in CT: A Novel, Lifelike 3D Visualization Technique". American Journal of Roentgenology. 209 (2): 370–379. doi:10.2214/AJR.17.17850. PMID28504564. Retrieved 2024-03-24. Quote: "The purpose of this article is to present an overview of cinematic rendering, illustrating its potential advantages and applications. Conclusion: Volume-rendered reconstruction, obtaining 3D visualization from original CT datasets, is increasingly used by physicians and medical educators in various clinical and educational scenarios. Cinematic rendering is a novel 3D rendering algorithm that simulates the propagation and interaction of light rays as they pass through the volumetric data, showing a more photorealistic representation of 3D images than achieved with standard volume rendering. ..."
Moser, Susanne Elisabeth (2017-09-04). "Cinematic Rendering: Körperkino für das Tumorboard". deutsches Ärzteblatt (in German). 114: 35–36. Retrieved 2024-03-24., Citation in German Language: "...Cinematic Rendering: technologischer Hintergrund. Cinematic Rendering – deutsch etwa: filmische Bildsynthese – beschreibt ein 3-D-Visualisierungsverfahren. Die Technologie stammt aus der Filmbranche, wo sie unter anderem digital animierte Figuren realitätsnah in von Menschen dargestellte Filmszenen integriert – beispielsweise „Gollum“ in „Herr der Ringe“. Aus konventionellen 2-D-CT- oder MRT-DICOM-Daten errechnet die Cinematic-Rendering-Software dreidimensionale Strukturen. ..."
Niedermair, Julian F.; Antipova, Veronica; Manhal, Simone; Siwetz, Martin; Wimmer-Röll, Monika; Hammer, Nils; Fellner, Franz A. (2022-11-23). "On the added benefit of virtual anatomy for dissection-based skills". Anatomical Sciences Education. 16 (3): 439–451. doi:10.1002/ase.2234. eISSN1935-9780. ISSN1935-9772. PMID36453060. Retrieved 2024-03-24. Quote: "Technological approaches deploying three-dimensional visualization to integrate virtual anatomy are increasingly used to provide medical students with state-of-the-art teaching. It is unclear to date to which extent virtual anatomy may help replace the dissection course. Medical students of Johannes Kepler University attend both a dissection and a virtual anatomy course. This virtual anatomy course is based on Cinematic Rendering and radiological imaging and teaches anatomy and pathology.
