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Perum Cheral Irumporai
 Perum Cheral Irumporai, known as Perum Kadungon, was a member of the Irumporai line of the Chera dynasty in early historic south India (c. 1st - 4th century CE).[1][2] He is the hero of the eighth chapter of the Pathitruppathu composed by poet Arichil Kizhar.[3] He is also addressed as "Kothai Marpa" in the Tamil songs.[4] He is said to have ruled for seventeen years.[5] He probably was a member of the Irumporai/Porai line, a collateral branch of the Chera family (dominating the Kongu country with Karuvur/Karur as their headquarters). Chelva Kadungo Vazhi Athan, father of Perum Cheral, was praised for his possession of Kodumanam (present-day Kodumanal) and Pandar (Koyilandy?) on the Malabar Coast.[6] Perum Cheral is famous for the conquest of the fortified Thagadur, the stronghold of the Adiyaman chieftain Ezhini (who was aided by the Chola and Pandya).[3][4] Adiyaman, also known as Neduman Anji, made peace with the Chera and became his aid [the Adiyaman was killed during a raid on Pazhi, of Ezhimala Nannan, by the Cheras].[5] Perum Cheral also seems to have defeated a minor Idayar chief called Kazhuval or Kazhuvul [and emptied his city Kamur/Kazhur].[5][4][6] He is praised as the overlord of Puhar, the Chola capital, the Kolli hills and the Puzhi people.[4][6] He is also said to have offered a sacrifice to the goddess of victory on the Ayirai mountain.[5] Perum Cheral is sometimes identified with Perum Kadungon, the Irumporai Chera royal mentioned in the two near-identical Pugalur inscriptions.[1][7] The inscriptions record the construction of a rock shelter for Chenkayapan, a Jain monk on the occasion of the inauguration of Kadungon Ilam Kadungo, son of Perum Kadungon, the son of king Athan Chel Irumporai/Irumpurai as the heir apparent ("Ilamgo").[2] The three Chera royals can be identified with Chelva Kadungo Vazhi Athan, Perum Cheral Irumporai and Ilam Cheral Irumporai mentioned in the early Tamil literature (decades 7-9, Pathitruppathu Collection).[2] References
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