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Hans-Joachim Böhme
Hans-Joachim "Achim"[1][2][3] Böhme (29 December 1929 – 4 September 2012) was a German politician and high-ranking party functionary of the Socialist Unity Party (SED). In the 1980s, he served as First Secretary of the SED in Bezirk Halle, center of the GDR's large and important chemical industry, and eventually became a full member of the SED Politburo. Described as "The Little King of Halle", Böhme was notorious for his particularly totalitarian leadership style. Life and careerEarly careerThe son of a working-class family, Böhme worked as a civil servant in the district of Bernburg after the Second World War. In 1945, he became a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), which was forcibly merged with the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) to form the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in 1946. Böhme briefly served as Chairman of the Free German Youth (FDJ) in the district of Bernburg in 1948/49.[4] Afterward, Böhme became a full-time SED party functionary. Böhme served as department head of the SED in the district of Bernburg and the VEB Mansfeld Kombinat Wilhelm Pieck and later deputy department head of the Saxony-Anhalt and, after the states were abolished in 1952, the Bezirk Halle SED. From 1955 to 1958, he studied at the SED's "Karl Marx" Party Academy in Berlin, graduating with a diploma in social sciences (Dipl.-Ges.-Wiss.). He subsequently served as a secretary of the SED in Weißenfels until 1963.[4][5] Bezirk Halle SED careerBöhme moved to the Bezirk Halle SED in 1963, working his way up in the department for agitation and propaganda, eventually becoming department head.[4]  In 1967, he obtained his doctorate (Dr. phil.) from the University of Halle with a thesis on the topic "Political Consciousness Formation in Socialism – Issues of political consciousness formation in the period of comprehensive socialism development in the GDR and its management by the Marxist–Leninist party, illustrated by the activities of the SED leadership in Bezirk Halle".[3] A year later, he succeeded Werner Felfe as Secretary for Agitation and Propaganda of the Bezirk party and when Dieter Itzerott was transferred to study at the "Karl Marx" Party Academy in February 1974, Böhme succeeded him as Second Secretary.[4][6][7] In May 1981, Böhme rose to the position of the First Secretary of the SED in Bezirk Halle,[4][5][6][8][9] incumbent Werner Felfe joining the Central Committee Secretariat as Secretary responsible for Agriculture.[10]  From April 1981 (X. Party Congress) until its collective resignation in December 1989, Böhme was a full member of the Central Committee of the SED. From 21 April 1986 (XI. Party Congress) until his resignation in November 1989, he was also a full member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED,[4][5][11] the de facto highest leadership body in East Germany, Bezirk Halle being an important center of the chemical industry.[3] He additionally became a member of the Volkskammer in 1981,[4] nominally representing constituencies in his Bezirk, first Halle/Saale and Halle-Neustadt,[12] then the district of Merseburg.[13] Böhme's eight-year rule of Bezirk Halle was viewed extremely negatively. His leadership style was authoritarian, occasionally described as absolutist,[3][5][9] and he was viewed as a hardliner.[5] Unlike other First Secretaries such as Hans Modrow and Werner Walde, he lived a lavish lifestyle.[3][5][9] Böhme additionally was accused of embezzlement and personal enrichment, among other things funneling 45.000 East German mark public money into the construction of a Blankenburg Forest lodge.[3][4][9] Despite evidence, he was acquitted in 1990 and 1993 after spending two months in pre-trial detention.[3][4] Böhme was awarded the Patriotic Order of Merit in 1969 and 1980, and the Order of Karl Marx in 1984.[4] Peaceful RevolutionEarly during the Peaceful Revolution, Herbert Heber, First Secretary of the SED in the Bezirk Halle district of Köthen, wanted to resign amid intense public pressure. Böhme refused his request, instead berating, insulting and threatening him. On 4 November 1989, Heber shot himself.[2] Two days later, in his last public appearance as First Secretary, Böhme tried to address protesters in Halle, but he was only booed and even spat at.[2][3] Protestors also blamed him for Heber's suicide.[2] On 8 November 1989, on the eve of the fall of the Berlin Wall, Böhme was reelected to the Politburo at the 9th Meeting of the Central Committee, though he had by far the largest number of votes against him of all elected members, 66 votes against of 157 voting.[14][15] Only a day later, the Bezirk Halle SED removed him 64 to 4[15] from the position of First Secretary and installed reformer Roland Claus as his successor.[16][17] Böhme's removal was a topic of Günter Schabowski's infamous press conference that led to the fall of the Berlin Wall. Böhme consequently resigned from the Politburo he had just been reelected to.[15] He was removed by his party from the Volkskammer a week later, on 16 November 1989.[18] Böhme did not take any personal responsibility for the failure of the SED, blaming the other SED Bezirk Halle Secretariat members.[5] On 20 January 1990, he was expelled in absentia, still being in pre-trial detention, from the now-renamed SED-PDS party in a unanimous vote, the party Central Arbitration Commission citing personal enrichment and his reaction to the demonstrations.[19] Reunified GermanyLike other former Politburo members, Böhme was charged with "complicity in manslaughter" (political responsibility for the fatal shootings at the Berlin Wall) by the Berlin Regional Court in the Berlin Wall shooting trials.[4][20] After initially being acquitted in 2000, Böhme was sentenced on 6 August 2004 to 15 months of probation.[3][4][21] Böhme at no point offered an explanation for his activities in the GDR.[3] He lived withdrawn as a retiree in Halle-Neustadt,[3][5] dying in a nursing home in 2012.[3] References
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